{"id":1087,"date":"2021-02-11T13:58:45","date_gmt":"2021-02-11T12:58:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1087"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:59","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:59","slug":"le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/","title":{"rendered":"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le chemin du carbone dans la photosynth\u00e8se<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Depuis des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es, <strong>le carbone du CO<sub>2<\/sub> s\u2019int\u00e8gre dans la mati\u00e8re organique constitutive du vivant par le processus de photosynth\u00e8se<\/strong>. Cette derni\u00e8re r\u00e9unit un ensemble de r\u00e9actions biophysiques et biochimiques. Ils permettent alors aux plantes, aux algues et aux bact\u00e9ries photosynth\u00e9tiques de synth\u00e9tiser des mol\u00e9cules organiques en utilisant l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique de la lumi\u00e8re du soleil, du carbone du CO<sub>2 <\/sub>de l\u2019air, l\u2019eau et les min\u00e9raux du sol. La photosynth\u00e8se est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la plus grande partie des mol\u00e9cules de la <strong>cha\u00eene alimentaire<\/strong> et de la majorit\u00e9 de la <strong>biomasse organique<\/strong> de la plan\u00e8te. Elle se r\u00e9alise<strong> dans les chloroplastes qui renferment la machinerie photosynth\u00e9tique<\/strong>. La photosynth\u00e8se est<strong> la porte d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cet article vous explique ce qu&rsquo;est la photosynth\u00e8se, les diff\u00e9rences entre les plantes C3&nbsp; (bl\u00e9, orge&#8230;) et C4 (ma\u00efs) et l&rsquo;importance d&rsquo;une bonne nutrition pour assurer ce processus primordial pour la production agricole<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1085\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u2019est-ce que la photosynth\u00e8se ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Depuis des milliards d\u2019ann\u00e9es,<strong> le carbone du CO<sub>2<\/sub> s\u2019int\u00e8gre dans la mati\u00e8re organique constitutive du vivant par le chemin de<\/strong> la<strong> photosynth\u00e8se<\/strong>. La photosynth\u00e8se r\u00e9unit un <strong>ensemble de r\u00e9actions biophysiques et biochimiques<\/strong>. Cet ensemble permet aux plantes, aux algues et aux bact\u00e9ries photosynth\u00e9tiques de synth\u00e9tiser des mol\u00e9cules organiques en utilisant l\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique de la lumi\u00e8re du soleil, du carbone du CO<sub>2<\/sub> de l\u2019air, l\u2019eau et les min\u00e9raux du sol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La photosynth\u00e8se est \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la plus grande partie des mol\u00e9cules de la chaine alimentaire et de la majorit\u00e9 de la biomasse organique de la plan\u00e8te. La photosynth\u00e8se se<br>r\u00e9alise dans les chloroplastes qui renferment la <strong>machinerie photosynth\u00e9tique<\/strong>. L\u2019<strong>\u00e9quation simplifi\u00e9e de la photosynth\u00e8se<\/strong> peut s\u2019\u00e9crire comme suit : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub> + H<sub>2<\/sub>O + \u00e9nergie lumineuse -&gt; mol\u00e9cules carbon\u00e9es riches en \u00e9nergie + O<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Elle se d\u00e9roule en <strong>2 phases<\/strong> : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>(1) une <strong>phase photochimique tr\u00e8s rapide<\/strong> qui convertit via une succession d\u2019oxydo-r\u00e9duction l\u2019\u00e9nergie des photons en \u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique puis chimique <\/li><li>(2) une <strong>phase m\u00e9tabolique plus lente<\/strong> qui se d\u00e9roule dans le stroma (liquide des chloroplastes).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pendant le processus, le carbone du CO<sub>2<\/sub> se fixe sur un compos\u00e9 phosphoryl\u00e9 \u00e0 5 carbones, le robulose-1,5-bisphosphate ou RuBP. L\u2019enzyme qui assure la fixation du carbone sur le RuBP est une carboxylase d\u00e9nomm\u00e9 RubisCO. Enzyme la plus importante quantitativement dans la biosph\u00e8re, elle constitue la principale r\u00e9serve d\u2019azote organique des feuilles. Rapidement, se forme l\u2019acide phosphoglyc\u00e9rique (PGA) qui est ensuite r\u00e9duit en triosesphosphates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour six mol\u00e9cules de Trioses-P synth\u00e9tis\u00e9es, une seule servira \u00e0 la synth\u00e8se de glucides, d\u2019acides amin\u00e9s, de lipides\u2026, les cinq autres \u00e9tant utilis\u00e9es pour r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9rer le RuBP. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>premiers produits de ce cycle \u00e9tant des mol\u00e9cules \u00e0 trois carbones<\/strong>, les plantes utilisant ce cycle sont nomm\u00e9s plantes de type C3 (il existe \u00e9galement des plantes appel\u00e9es C4 comme le ma\u00efs, nous verrons la diff\u00e9rence plus tard).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le dilemme de la RubisCO entre CO<sub>2<\/sub> et O<sub>2<\/sub><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019<strong>enzyme RubisCO exerce une seconde activit\u00e9 appel\u00e9e oxyg\u00e9nase<\/strong>. CO<sub>2<\/sub> et O<sub>2<\/sub> sont alors en comp\u00e9tition au niveau des sites catalytiques de la RubisCO et se retrouvent impliqu\u00e9s dans <strong>deux activit\u00e9s antagonistes au sein de la m\u00eame mol\u00e9cule<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Le <strong>CO<sub>2<\/sub> favorise la fonction carboxylase <\/strong>et donc la photosynth\u00e8se,<\/li><li>L<strong>\u2019O<sub>2<\/sub> favorise la fonction oxyg\u00e9nase<\/strong> lors du processus de photorespiration.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>La photorespiration s\u2019exprime surtout chez les plantes poussant dans les r\u00e9gions temp\u00e9r\u00e9es (bl\u00e9, orge, pomme de terre\u2026). Elle est \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s li\u00e9e aux conditions du milieu. Elle est d\u2019autant plus importante que la temp\u00e9rature et l\u2019\u00e9clairement sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s et que la teneur en CO<sub>2<\/sub> de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re est faible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>photorespiration est un processus photosynth\u00e9tique in\u00e9vitable.<\/strong> Car, il est li\u00e9 aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s intrins\u00e8ques de la RubisCO qui s\u2019est form\u00e9e lors de l\u2019\u00e9volution \u00e0 une \u00e9poque o\u00f9<br>la teneur en oxyg\u00e8ne du milieu \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s faible. Certains organismes ont \u00e9labor\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies plus originales que celles des plantes en C3 pour r\u00e9duire efficacement les effets<br>n\u00e9fastes de l\u2019O<sub>2<\/sub> sur la RubisCO. C\u2019est notamment le cas des plantes C4 comme le ma\u00efs qui ont s\u00e9par\u00e9 physiquement la fixation du CO<sub>2<\/sub> et RubisCO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Les plantes en C4 ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un m\u00e9canisme efficace de concentration du CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong>. Interne \u00e0 la feuille, ce m\u00e9canisme implique deux tissus diff\u00e9rents : le m\u00e9sophylle et la gaine<br>p\u00e9rivasculaire. Les cellules du m\u00e9sophylle contiennent des carboxylases sp\u00e9cifiques. Ces derniers catalysent la formation d\u2019un compos\u00e9 \u00e0 quatre carbones (d\u2019o\u00f9 le nom), l\u2019oxalo-ac\u00e9tate qui se transforme en maltase. Le malate migre dans les cellules de la gaine. L\u00e0 pr\u00e8s d\u00e9carboxylation, une quantit\u00e9 importante de CO<sub>2<\/sub> s\u2019accumule dans l\u2019environnement proche de la RubisCO favorisant la photosynth\u00e8se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce <strong>m\u00e9canisme de s\u00e9paration physique a toutefois un co\u00fbt \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique suppl\u00e9mentaire<\/strong> par rapport au m\u00e9canisme C3. Il existe d\u2019autres m\u00e9canismes. Par exemple, pour les plantes grasses, elles sont C3 le jour et C4 la nuit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Am\u00e9liorer la photosynth\u00e8se ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sous fort \u00e9clairement et temp\u00e9ratures \u00e9lev\u00e9es, les plantes C4 sont plus efficaces pour assimiler le carbone du CO<sub>2<\/sub> que les plantes C3<\/strong>, \u00e0 condition que l\u2019eau et les min\u00e9raux ne soient pas limitants. Ainsi, les <strong>5 % d\u2019esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales C4 sur la plan\u00e8te fixent 30 % du CO<sub>2<\/sub> mondial<\/strong>. En revanche, dans les r\u00e9gions temp\u00e9r\u00e9es, cette diff\u00e9rence de capacit\u00e9<br>photosynth\u00e9tique s\u2019estompe. D\u2019ailleurs, si la concentration en CO<sub>2<\/sub> continue \u00e0 s\u2019\u00e9lever, les plantes C3 pourraient atteindre des activit\u00e9s photosynth\u00e9tiques approchant les plantes C4<br>\u00e0 condition que les temp\u00e9ratures restent mod\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Diff\u00e9rentes approches g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/strong> sont envisag\u00e9es pour am\u00e9liorer les capacit\u00e9s du m\u00e9tabolisme photosynth\u00e9tiques des plantes cultiv\u00e9es C3 :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Introduction de voies bact\u00e9riennes<\/strong> de recyclage des produits de photorespiration chez les plantes<\/li><li><strong>Am\u00e9lioration du syst\u00e8me de carboxylation<\/strong> en cherchant des carboxylases plus performantes<\/li><li><strong>Introduction du syst\u00e8me C4 dans les plantes C3<\/strong> : des essais sont actuellement en cours sur le riz car le riz se d\u00e9veloppe dans des zones propices aux plantes C4.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Reste que la premi\u00e8re approche est de mettre la plante dans les meilleures conditions pour r\u00e9aliser sa photosynth\u00e8se : gestion du peuplement pour un acc\u00e8s optimal \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re pour toutes les plantes et nutrition \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e pour les min\u00e9raux n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la photosynth\u00e8se :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>phosphore n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la RuBP<\/li><li>magn\u00e9sium car c\u2019est le constituant central de la chlorophylle<\/li><li>fer qui intervient dans le synth\u00e8se de la chlorophylle<\/li><li>mangan\u00e8se qui intervient en liaison avec le fer dans la synth\u00e8se de la chlorophylle. Il a un r\u00f4le central dans l\u2019oxydation de l\u2019eau lors de la photosynth\u00e8se<\/li><li>potasse qui joue un r\u00f4le dans la synth\u00e8se des enzymes n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la photosynth\u00e8se<\/li><li>bore et zinc qui aident \u00e0 la synth\u00e8se de la chlorophylle.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Source :<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedie-environnement.org\/vivant\/chemin-carbone-photosynthese\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MOROT-GAUDRY Jean-Fran\u00e7ois, JOYARD Jacques (2020)<\/a>, Le chemin du carbone dans la photosynth\u00e8se, Encyclop\u00e9die de l\u2019Environnement,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouver toutes nos publications sur la th\u00e9matique \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage\/nourrir-les-plantes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nourrir les plantes<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb sur notre site internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d&rsquo;entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1556,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[40,32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1087","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nourrir-les-plantes","category-reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se - L&#039;ARAD2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d&#039;entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols et l&#039;importance d&#039;une bonne nutrition\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se - L&#039;ARAD2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d&#039;entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols et l&#039;importance d&#039;une bonne nutrition\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"L&#039;ARAD2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-02-11T12:58:45+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-07T08:23:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Lola\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Lola\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Lola\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9d5645901ac39987762b3b959a346f05\"},\"headline\":\"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-02-11T12:58:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-07T08:23:59+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1302,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/10\\\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1\",\"articleSection\":[\"Nourrir les plantes\",\"R\u00e9ductions d'intrants en cultures et en \u00e9levage\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/\",\"name\":\"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se - L&#039;ARAD2\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/10\\\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-02-11T12:58:45+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-03-07T08:23:59+00:00\",\"description\":\"La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d'entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols et l'importance d'une bonne nutrition\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/10\\\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2019\\\/10\\\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1440,\"caption\":\"Colza d'hiver\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/\",\"name\":\"L&#039;ARAD2\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"L&#039;ARAD2\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/Logo-arad2.png?fit=400%2C223&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2020\\\/10\\\/Logo-arad2.png?fit=400%2C223&ssl=1\",\"width\":400,\"height\":223,\"caption\":\"L&#039;ARAD2\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/9d5645901ac39987762b3b959a346f05\",\"name\":\"Lola\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d107c1b0f7f9e6250c6c7f9239b8c025730a0a51e46eebc2e1e6a38220f74e7d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d107c1b0f7f9e6250c6c7f9239b8c025730a0a51e46eebc2e1e6a38220f74e7d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d107c1b0f7f9e6250c6c7f9239b8c025730a0a51e46eebc2e1e6a38220f74e7d?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Lola\"},\"sameAs\":[\"lola\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\\\/arad2\\\/author\\\/lola\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se - L&#039;ARAD2","description":"La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d'entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols et l'importance d'une bonne nutrition","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se - L&#039;ARAD2","og_description":"La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d'entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols et l'importance d'une bonne nutrition","og_url":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/","og_site_name":"L&#039;ARAD2","article_published_time":"2021-02-11T12:58:45+00:00","article_modified_time":"2023-03-07T08:23:59+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1440,"url":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Lola","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"Lola","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/"},"author":{"name":"Lola","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#\/schema\/person\/9d5645901ac39987762b3b959a346f05"},"headline":"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se","datePublished":"2021-02-11T12:58:45+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-07T08:23:59+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/"},"wordCount":1302,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1","articleSection":["Nourrir les plantes","R\u00e9ductions d'intrants en cultures et en \u00e9levage"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/","url":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/","name":"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se - L&#039;ARAD2","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1","datePublished":"2021-02-11T12:58:45+00:00","dateModified":"2023-03-07T08:23:59+00:00","description":"La photosynth\u00e8se est la porte d'entr\u00e9e du chemin du carbone dans les sols et l'importance d'une bonne nutrition","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1","width":1920,"height":1440,"caption":"Colza d'hiver"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/le-chemin-du-carbone-dans-la-photosynthese\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Chemin du carbone et photosynth\u00e8se"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#website","url":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/","name":"L&#039;ARAD2","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#organization","name":"L&#039;ARAD2","url":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/10\/Logo-arad2.png?fit=400%2C223&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2020\/10\/Logo-arad2.png?fit=400%2C223&ssl=1","width":400,"height":223,"caption":"L&#039;ARAD2"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/#\/schema\/person\/9d5645901ac39987762b3b959a346f05","name":"Lola","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d107c1b0f7f9e6250c6c7f9239b8c025730a0a51e46eebc2e1e6a38220f74e7d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d107c1b0f7f9e6250c6c7f9239b8c025730a0a51e46eebc2e1e6a38220f74e7d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d107c1b0f7f9e6250c6c7f9239b8c025730a0a51e46eebc2e1e6a38220f74e7d?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Lola"},"sameAs":["lola"],"url":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/author\/lola\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2019\/10\/field-gc12733f44_1920.jpg?fit=1920%2C1440&ssl=1","jetpack-related-posts":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1087"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1376,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1087\/revisions\/1376"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1556"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}