{"id":1200,"date":"2021-04-06T16:09:22","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T14:09:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1200"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:58","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:58","slug":"biocontrole-insectes-communiquent-entre-eux-et-avec-les-plantes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/biocontrole-insectes-communiquent-entre-eux-et-avec-les-plantes\/","title":{"rendered":"Biocontr\u00f4le : communication des insectes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment les insectes communiquent-ils entre eux et avec les plantes ? Et comment int\u00e9grer ces connaissances sur leur communication dans la recherche de solutions de biocontr\u00f4le ?<\/h1>\n\n\n<p>Tous les \u00eatres vivants \u00e9mettent un grand nombre de mol\u00e9cules dans leur environnement. Lorsque ces mol\u00e9cules sont per\u00e7ues par d\u2019autres organismes. Elles constituent alors des signaux chimiques, aussi appel\u00e9s <strong>m\u00e9diateurs chimiques<\/strong>. Ils jouent un r\u00f4le primordial dans les<strong> interactions entre plantes, animaux et microorganismes<\/strong>.&nbsp;Si ce mode de communication est universel, il est particuli\u00e8rement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 chez les insectes. Chez ces derniers, la d\u00e9tection de sources de nourriture, de partenaires sexuels ou encore de pr\u00e9dateurs repose en grande partie sur les sens du go\u00fbt et de l\u2019odorat. Ainsi, l\u2019<strong>\u00e9tude de la communication chimique chez les insectes a depuis longtemps suscit\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat des chercheurs.<\/strong> Afin de pouvoir r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la question :<strong> comment int\u00e9grer les connaissances sur la communication des insectes dans la recherche de solutions de biocontr\u00f4le ?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Les nombreuses connaissances acquises, depuis la nature exacte des signaux chimiques jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fa\u00e7on dont les insectes les per\u00e7oivent, sont \u00e0 la base de solutions de biocontr\u00f4le pour lutter contre certains insectes ravageurs de plantes cultiv\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1198\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une extraordinaire diversit\u00e9 de m\u00e9diateurs chimiques !<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>m\u00e9diateurs chimiques r\u00e9gulent de nombreux comportements chez les insectes<\/strong>. Les<strong> signaux chimiques d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce sont appel\u00e9s ph\u00e9romones<\/strong> : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>sexuelles<\/strong> quand elles interviennent dans la reproduction, <\/li><li>d\u2019<strong>agr\u00e9gation<\/strong> ou de piste pour la recherche de nourriture, <\/li><li>d\u2019<strong>alarme<\/strong> pour avertir ses cong\u00e9n\u00e8res d\u2019un danger ou encore sociaux comme par exemple pour maintenir la hi\u00e9rarchie dans les ruches d\u2019abeilles. <\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Entre esp\u00e8ces, on parle de compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lochimiques<\/strong>. Il en existe <strong>trois cat\u00e9gories<\/strong> : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>allomone<\/strong> quand le signal est uniquement b\u00e9n\u00e9fique pour l\u2019\u00e9metteur, <\/li><li><strong>kairomone<\/strong> quand il ne l\u2019est que pour le r\u00e9cepteur. C\u2019est notamment le cas des insectes herbivores qui d\u00e9tectent les signaux kairomones des plantes cibles,<\/li><li><strong>synomone<\/strong> quand c\u2019est b\u00e9n\u00e9fique pour les deux. Par exemple, mol\u00e9cules odorantes des fleurs pour la pollinisation par les insectes.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Les insectes peuvent les capter par olfaction dans le cas des mol\u00e9cules volatiles. Ils peuvent \u00e9galement les capter par gustation. C&rsquo;est le cas par exemple de mol\u00e9cules pr\u00e9sentes \u00e0 la surface des feuilles. Les <strong>mol\u00e9cules volatiles sont soit des terp\u00e9no\u00efdes, soit des benz\u00e9no\u00efdes soit des d\u00e9riv\u00e9s des acides gras<\/strong>. L<strong>\u2019olfaction permet \u00e0 l\u2019insecte de diff\u00e9rencier un tr\u00e8s grand nombre d\u2019odorants<\/strong>. Par contre, <strong>la gustation ne lui permet qu\u2019une discrimination plus limit\u00e9e de saveurs<\/strong> : sucr\u00e9e, sal\u00e9e, am\u00e8re, acide, umami (comme les mammif\u00e8res). Mais, elle permet \u00e9galement des stimuli tels que le calcium, la carbonation, les acides amin\u00e9s et les acides gras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les saveurs sucr\u00e9es, les sels en faible concentration et les acides amin\u00e9s sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement app\u00e9tents pour les insectes. Alors que les sels \u00e0 forte concentration et les m\u00e9tabolites secondaires des plantes ont une activit\u00e9 anti-app\u00e9tente. La <strong>s\u00e9lection de la plante h\u00f4te par les insectes herbivores d\u00e9pend donc de la balance entre ces deux cat\u00e9gories de compos\u00e9s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un syst\u00e8me chimiosensoriel complexe sp\u00e9cifique aux insectes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce aux avanc\u00e9es dans les techniques de neuroanatomie, d\u2019imagerie fonctionnelle, d\u2019\u00e9lectrophysiologie, de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique ou encore de bioinformatique, nous avons, aujourd\u2019hui, une <strong>compr\u00e9hension particuli\u00e8rement avanc\u00e9e de l\u2019anatomie et du fonctionnement des syst\u00e8mes olfactif et gustatif chez de nombreux insectes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Comme tout syst\u00e8me sensoriel,<strong> le syst\u00e8me chimiosensoriel des insectes est organis\u00e9 en un syst\u00e8me p\u00e9riph\u00e9rique<\/strong>. Il est constitu\u00e9 d\u2019organes sensoriels qui assurent la d\u00e9tection des stimuli chimiques. Il a \u00e9galement un syst\u00e8me central. Ce dernier assure le traitement du message nerveux g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 par ces organes en vue d\u2019une r\u00e9ponse comportementale ou physiologique adapt\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>insectes ont un squelette externe<\/strong>, form\u00e9 d\u2019une cuticule rigide. Cette derni\u00e8re sert de barri\u00e8re protectrice contre le milieu environnant. Cette <strong>cuticule est parsem\u00e9e de structures sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es, appel\u00e9es sensilles<\/strong>. Ils <strong>permettent \u00e0 l\u2019insecte de d\u00e9tecter une tr\u00e8s grande diversit\u00e9 de stimuli <\/strong>: signaux olfactifs, gustatifs, tactiles, variations de temp\u00e9rature ou d\u2019hygrom\u00e9trie. Dans le cas des sensilles chimior\u00e9ceptrices (olfactives et gustatives), celles-ci assurent le transfert du stimulus jusqu\u2019aux neurones sensoriels. Il s&rsquo;agit des <strong>neurones r\u00e9cepteurs olfactifs (NRO) et gustatifs (NRG).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les<strong> sensilles olfactives sont essentiellement pr\u00e9sentes sur les antennes.<\/strong> Alors que les <strong>sensilles gustatives sont r\u00e9parties sur le corps de l\u2019insecte<\/strong>. Puisqu\u2019elles sont distribu\u00e9es sur les pi\u00e8ces buccales, les pattes, les antennes, les ailes et les organes g\u00e9nitaux. Contrairement \u00e0 notre \u00e9pith\u00e9lium olfactif invagin\u00e9 dans la cavit\u00e9 ou aux bourgeons du go\u00fbt<br>localis\u00e9s sur notre langue, les structures olfactives et gustatives des insectes sont tourn\u00e9es vers l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur. Cela autorise, par exemple, un <strong>suivi en temps r\u00e9el, donc plus rapide, de<br>l\u2019environnement olfactif.<\/strong> Les milliers de sensilles olfactives des insectes sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 autant de nez miniatures aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de d\u00e9tection diff\u00e9rentes. De plus, les neurones y sont<br>organis\u00e9s selon un <strong>patron morphologique et physiologique tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis pour chaque esp\u00e8ce<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une voie de recherche importante dans le d\u00e9veloppement de solutions de biocontr\u00f4le<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L<strong>\u2019importance des m\u00e9diateurs chimiques dans l\u2019induction de comportements chez les insectes <\/strong>a motiv\u00e9 leur \u00e9tude depuis plus de 50 ans pour le contr\u00f4le des insectes ravageurs.<br>A l\u2019heure actuelle, ce sont <strong>les ph\u00e9romones qui sont les plus utilis\u00e9es, en raison de leur efficacit\u00e9, de leur sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 et de leur absence de toxicit\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9tude des <strong>allomones v\u00e9g\u00e9tales permet de mieux comprendre le comportement et la co\u00e9volution des organismes<\/strong>. Les allomones permettent aux plantes de d\u00e9velopper plusieurs strat\u00e9gies envers les ravageurs pour affecter leur potentiel biotique. Elles peuvent poss\u00e9der des caract\u00e9ristiques structurales permettant d\u2019<strong>opposer une barri\u00e8re physicochimique m\u00e9canique ou chimique.<\/strong> Cette barri\u00e8re <strong>freine alors l\u2019installation ou la progression d\u2019un parasite<\/strong>. D\u2019autres ont un <strong>effet inhibiteur sur le d\u00e9veloppement de plantes concurrentes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les m\u00e9diateurs chimiques pour le contr\u00f4le des insectes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe <strong>diff\u00e9rentes utilisations des m\u00e9diateurs chimiques<\/strong> pour le contr\u00f4le des insectes :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Surveillance des populations d\u2019insectes ravageurs<\/strong> afin d\u2019alimenter des outils d\u2019aide \u00e0 la d\u00e9cision. Elle est particuli\u00e8rement efficace pour les esp\u00e8ces difficiles \u00e0 surveiller par d\u2019autres m\u00e9thodes parce que tr\u00e8s petites ou menant une vie cach\u00e9e. Par exemple : c\u00e9cidomyie des tiges du bl\u00e9, mineuse de la tomate.<\/li><li><strong>Pi\u00e9geage de masse ou approche \u00ab Attract and Kill \u00bb<\/strong> : l\u2019objectif est de pi\u00e9ger une grosse proportion dans le but d\u2019en r\u00e9duire l\u2019effectif. Les leurres sont associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des pi\u00e8ges de grosse capacit\u00e9 pouvant contenir des produits insecticides.<\/li><li><strong>Confusion sexuelle<\/strong> : c\u2019est la m\u00e9thode actuellement la plus utilis\u00e9e. La <strong>diffusion de ph\u00e9romones sexuelles entra\u00eene la d\u00e9sorientation du sexe receveur<\/strong>. Ce dernier ne peut plus d\u00e9pister le sexe \u00e9metteur et donc perturbe leur reproduction.<\/li><li><strong>Approche \u00ab Push-Pull<\/strong> : elle associe des mol\u00e9cules ou des plantes de service r\u00e9pulsives. Celles-ci \u00e9loignent les ravageurs et des mol\u00e9cules ou plantes attractives combin\u00e9es \u00e9ventuellement avec des pi\u00e8ges plac\u00e9s en bordure de champ pour \u00e9liminer les ravageurs. Par exemple : certaines vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de ma\u00efs qui attirent le virus Y de la pomme de terre.<\/li><li><strong>Cultivars olfactivement \u00ab r\u00e9sistants \u00bb <\/strong>: les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce peuvent avec des bouquets de compos\u00e9s organiques volatils diff\u00e9rents. Parr cons\u00e9quent, elles ont une attractivit\u00e9 variable pour les insectes ravageurs. Ces vari\u00e9t\u00e9s moins attractives peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9j\u00e0 existantes ou \u00eatre obtenues par s\u00e9lection (ex colza avec la mouche du chou).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>kairomones impliqu\u00e9es dans l\u2019attraction des insectes vers les plantes offrent des perspectives encore peu exploit\u00e9es<\/strong>. Mais des travaux sont d\u2019ors et d\u00e9j\u00e0 en cours contre le<br>bruche de la f\u00e9verole ou encore contre la pyrale du ma\u00efs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source :<br>FAUVERGUE X., RUSCH A. et al, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quae.com\/produit\/1605\/9782759230778\/biocontrole\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biocontr\u00f4le : \u00e9l\u00e9ments pour une protection agro\u00e9cologique des cultures<\/a>. Editions Quae.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur la <a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">r\u00e9duction d&rsquo;intrants <\/a>en ligne. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comment int\u00e9grer les connaissances sur la communication des insectes dans la recherche de solutions de biocontr\u00f4le ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1517,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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