{"id":1234,"date":"2021-06-03T17:12:29","date_gmt":"2021-06-03T15:12:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1234"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:58","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:58","slug":"relation-plantes-bacteries-symbiotique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/relation-plantes-bacteries-symbiotique\/","title":{"rendered":"Relation symbiotique plantes bact\u00e9ries"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relation symbiotique entre plantes et bact\u00e9ries ou fixation biologique<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019azote est indispensable aux plantes.  Car, il intervient dans la constitution de nombreuses biomol\u00e9cules telles que : les prot\u00e9ines, les acides nucl\u00e9iques, les nucl\u00e9otides ou la chlorophylle. <strong>Apr\u00e8s la disponibilit\u00e9 en eau, la disponibilit\u00e9 en azote est le second facteur limitant de la croissance des plantes<\/strong>. Les plantes se procurent l\u2019azote dont elles ont besoin en l\u2019absorbant par les racines sous forme de NO<sub>3<\/sub> ou NH<sub>3<\/sub> . Mais, certaines esp\u00e8ces de plantes sont \u00e9galement capables d\u2019\u00e9tablir une <strong>relation avec des bact\u00e9ries pouvant utiliser l\u2019azote de l\u2019air : c\u2019est la fixation biologique<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1232\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('eyJwb3N0cyI6eyIxMjMyIjp7IklEIjoxMjMyLCJ0aXRsZSI6IkRlcyBwbGFudGVzIHF1aSB2aXZlbnQgZGUgbCdhaXIgZHUgdGVtcHMgZ3JcdTAwZTJjZSBcdTAwZTAgbGEgZml4YXRpb24gc3ltYmlvdGlxdWUgQVJBRFx1MDBiMiIsInR5cGUiOiJwZGYiLCJyZWFkeV9mdW5jdGlvbiI6IiIsImJvb2tfc3R5bGUiOiJmbGF0IiwiYm9va190ZW1wbGF0ZSI6Im5vbmUiLCJvdXRsaW5lIjpbXSwiZGF0YSI6eyJwb3N0X0lEIjoiMTIzMyIsImd1aWQiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvbm9ybWFuZGllbWFpbmUuY2VyZnJhbmNlLmZyXC9hcmFkMlwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvc2l0ZXNcLzNcLzIwMjFcLzA2XC9EZXMtcGxhbnRlcy1xdWktdml2ZW50LWRlLWxhaXItZHUtdGVtcHMtZ3JhY2UtYS1sYS1maXhhdGlvbi1zeW1iaW90aXF1ZS1BUkFEXHUwMGIyLnBkZiIsInBkZl9wYWdlcyI6IjIiLCJwYWdlc19jdXN0b21pemF0aW9uIjoibm9uZSJ9LCJ0aHVtYm5haWwiOnsiZGF0YSI6eyJwb3N0X0lEIjoiMCJ9LCJ0eXBlIjoiYXV0byJ9LCJwcm9wcyI6eyJjYWNoZWRQYWdlcyI6ImF1dG8iLCJyZW5kZXJJbmFjdGl2ZVBhZ2VzIjoiYXV0byIsInJlbmRlckluYWN0aXZlUGFnZXNPbk1vYmlsZSI6ImF1dG8iLCJyZW5kZXJXaGlsZUZsaXBwaW5nIjoiYXV0byIsInByZWxvYWRQYWdlcyI6ImF1dG8iLCJydGwiOiJhdXRvIiwiaW50ZXJhY3RpdmVDb3JuZXJzIjoiYXV0byIsInNoZWV0Ijp7InN0YXJ0VmVsb2NpdHkiOiJhdXRvIiwid2F2ZSI6ImF1dG8iLCJ3aWR0aFRleGVscyI6ImF1dG8iLCJjb2xvciI6ImF1dG8iLCJzaWRlIjoiYXV0byIsImNvcm5lckRldmlhdGlvbiI6ImF1dG8iLCJmbGV4aWJpbGl0eSI6ImF1dG8iLCJmbGV4aWJsZUNvcm5lciI6ImF1dG8iLCJiZW5kaW5nIjoiYXV0byIsImhlaWdodFRleGVscyI6ImF1dG8ifSwiY292ZXIiOnsid2F2ZSI6ImF1dG8iLCJjb2xvciI6ImF1dG8iLCJiaW5kZXJUZXh0dXJlIjoiYXV0byIsImRlcHRoIjoiYXV0byIsInBhZGRpbmciOiJhdXRvIiwic3RhcnRWZWxvY2l0eSI6ImF1dG8iLCJmbGV4aWJpbGl0eSI6ImF1dG8iLCJmbGV4aWJsZUNvcm5lciI6ImF1dG8iLCJiZW5kaW5nIjoiYXV0byIsIndpZHRoVGV4ZWxzIjoiYXV0byIsImhlaWdodFRleGVscyI6ImF1dG8iLCJtYXNzIjoiYXV0byIsInNpZGUiOiJhdXRvIn0sInBhZ2UiOnsid2F2ZSI6ImF1dG8iLCJjb2xvciI6ImF1dG8iLCJkZXB0aCI6ImF1dG8iLCJzdGFydFZlbG9jaXR5IjoiYXV0byIsImZsZXhpYmlsaXR5IjoiYXV0byIsImZsZXhpYmxlQ29ybmVyIjoiYXV0byIsImJlbmRpbmciOiJhdXRvIiwid2lkdGhUZXhlbHMiOiJhdXRvIiwiaGVpZ2h0VGV4ZWxzIjoiYXV0byIsIm1hc3MiOiJhdXRvIiwic2lkZSI6ImF1dG8ifSwiaGVpZ2h0IjoiYXV0byIsIndpZHRoIjoiYXV0byIsImdyYXZpdHkiOiJhdXRvIiwicGFnZXNGb3JQcmVkaWN0aW5nIjoiYXV0byJ9LCJjb250cm9sUHJvcHMiOnsiYWN0aW9ucyI6eyJjbWRTYXZlIjp7ImVuYWJsZWQiOiJhdXRvIiwiZW5hYmxlZEluTmFycm93IjoiYXV0byJ9LCJjbWRQcmludCI6eyJlbmFibGVkIjoiYXV0byIsImVuYWJsZWRJbk5hcnJvdyI6ImF1dG8ifSwiY21kU2luZ2xlUGFnZSI6eyJlbmFibGVkIjoiYXV0byIsImVuYWJsZWRJbk5hcnJvdyI6ImF1dG8iLCJhY3RpdmUiOiJhdXRvIiwiYWN0aXZlRm9yTW9iaWxlIjoiYXV0byJ9fX0sImF1dG9UaHVtYm5haWwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvbm9ybWFuZGllbWFpbmUuY2VyZnJhbmNlLmZyXC9hcmFkMlwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvc2l0ZXNcLzNcLzNkLWZsaXAtYm9va1wvYXV0by10aHVtYm5haWxzXC8xMjMyLnBuZyIsInBvc3RfbmFtZSI6ImRlcy1wbGFudGVzLXF1aS12aXZlbnQtZGUtbGFpci1kdS10ZW1wcy1ncmFjZS1hLWxhLWZpeGF0aW9uLXN5bWJpb3RpcXVlLWFyYWQlYzIlYjIiLCJwb3N0X3R5cGUiOiIzZC1mbGlwLWJvb2sifX0sInBhZ2VzIjpbXSwiZmlyc3RQYWdlcyI6W119');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La relation symbiotique fixatrice d\u2019azote<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le processus symbiotique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Seuls les bact\u00e9ries r\u00e9alisent la fixation biologique de l\u2019azote atmosph\u00e9rique. <strong>Outre les cyanobact\u00e9ries marines, il existe des bact\u00e9ries libres dans le sol.<\/strong> Elles <strong>seraient alors responsables de 5 \u00e0 10 % de la fixation biologique de l\u2019azote<\/strong>. Elles sont a\u00e9robies ou ana\u00e9robies, phototrophes ou chimiotrophes. La troisi\u00e8me cat\u00e9gorie de bact\u00e9ries comprend <strong>les bact\u00e9ries du sol. Elles vivent<\/strong> alors<strong> en symbiose, en relation, avec le syst\u00e8me racinaire des plantes<\/strong>, dont le type rhizobium rentrant en symbiose avec les l\u00e9gumineuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le<strong> processus symbiotique commence par la reconnaissance mutuelle entre partenaires<\/strong>. La s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion de flavono\u00efdes par les racines attirent alors les bact\u00e9ries vers elles. Puis, elles synth\u00e9tisent des lipo-chito-oligosaccharides appel\u00e9s<em> facteurs nod<\/em>. A la surface des racines, <strong>les bact\u00e9ries s\u2019attachent au poil absorbant<\/strong>. L\u2019extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 se courbe sous forme d\u2019une crosse du berger.  Au sein de laquelle, les microsymbiotes se rassemblent. Une structure tubulaire nomm\u00e9e cordon d\u2019infection, contient les bact\u00e9ries qui progressent vers le cortex racinaire. Les <strong><em>facteurs nod<\/em> provoquent la d\u00e9diff\u00e9renciation de cellules de ce m\u00eame cortex racinaire<\/strong>, conduisant donc \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un m\u00e9rist\u00e8me \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019un nouvel organe : la nodosit\u00e9. Les bact\u00e9ries symbiotiques en envahissent alors la nodosit\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re progressive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les nodosit\u00e9s<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Certaines nodosit\u00e9s \u00e0 croissance ind\u00e9termin\u00e9e ont une <strong>structure divis\u00e9e en plusieurs zones<\/strong> : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>la premi\u00e8re est une <strong>zone de division <\/strong>: les cellules se divisent et la nodosit\u00e9 croit, <\/li><li>la deuxi\u00e8me est une <strong>zone d\u2019infection<\/strong> : les bact\u00e9ries rentrent dans les cellules v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, <\/li><li>la troisi\u00e8me est une <strong>zone de fixation<\/strong> : l\u2019azote atmosph\u00e9rique est r\u00e9duit en ammoniac,<\/li><li>la quatri\u00e8me est une <strong>zone de s\u00e9nescence<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Au sein de la nodosit\u00e9, <strong>la concentration en oxyg\u00e8ne est r\u00e9duite, par rapport \u00e0 la teneur atmosph\u00e9rique.<\/strong> Ces conditions permettent donc \u00e0 l\u2019enzyme responsable de la fixation d\u2019azote, la <strong>nitrog\u00e9nase bact\u00e9ro\u00efdienne<\/strong> d\u2019\u00eatre active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans le fonctionnement de la symbiose, la plante approvisionner les partenaires microbiens en nutriments carbon\u00e9s pour alimenter leur m\u00e9tabolisme \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. En \u00e9change, les bact\u00e9ries fournissent \u00e0 la plante de l\u2019ammoniac. Ce dernier s&rsquo;incorpore alors dans les prot\u00e9ines v\u00e9g\u00e9tales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce cas,<strong> la plante est finalement capable de puiser dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re le carbone (via la photosynth\u00e8se<\/strong>)<strong> et l\u2019azote (via la fixation symbiotique), <\/strong>dont elle a besoin pour la synth\u00e8se de ses biomol\u00e9cules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, l&rsquo;estimation de <strong>la fixation biologique est entre 150 et 250 millions de tonnes par an, dont environ 50 millions de tonnes par les l\u00e9gumineuses en symbiose<\/strong>. A titre de comparaison, la production industrielle d\u2019engrais azot\u00e9s repr\u00e9sente environ 100 millions de tonnes par an.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les nombreux int\u00e9r\u00eats de cette symbiose plantes-bact\u00e9ries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Du fait de la symbiose avec les bact\u00e9ries fixatrices d\u2019azote, <strong>les l\u00e9gumineuses constituent donc un engrais naturel<\/strong>. A leur mort, lors de la d\u00e9gradation des parties racinaires et a\u00e9riennes, la min\u00e9ralisation de la mati\u00e8re organique lib\u00e8re donc l\u2019azote sous des formes facilement assimilables pour les esp\u00e8ces voisines ou la culture suivante (nitrate, ammoniac, acides amin\u00e9s). Les <strong>l\u00e9gumineuses ne n\u00e9cessitant pas ou peu de fertilisation<\/strong>. Elles permettent une forte \u00e9conomie en engrais. En outre, le co\u00fbt de fabrication des engrais est \u00e9lev\u00e9. Il faut l&rsquo;\u00e9quivalent de deux tonnes de p\u00e9trole pour produire une tonne d\u2019engrais azot\u00e9. <strong>Elles ont \u00e9galement un effet positif sur le bilan des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En plus des effets positifs dus \u00e0 leur symbiose avec Rhizobium, les l\u00e9gumineuses pr\u00e9sentent \u00e9galement d\u2019autres atouts : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>qualit\u00e9 nutritionnelle pour l\u2019alimentation humaine et animale, <\/li><li>am\u00e9lioration du pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement du phosphore des sols par une symbiose mycorhizienne, <\/li><li>effet sur le sol, <\/li><li>effet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la rotation\u2026<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>l\u00e9gumineuses peuvent \u00eatre sem\u00e9es seules ou en association<\/strong>. Pour ces derni\u00e8res, l\u2019obtention des b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques est \u00e9troitement li\u00e9e \u00e0 la proportion des l\u00e9gumineuses au sein de l\u2019association. Ainsi, dans les prairies, <strong>les optima de fonctionnement sont d\u2019environ 30 \u00e0 40 % de l\u00e9gumineuses fourrag\u00e8res pour les associations p\u00e2tur\u00e9es et de 50 \u00e0 70 % pour les associations destin\u00e9es \u00e0 la fauche<\/strong>. Dans tous les cas, les associations permettent alors de stabiliser les rendements quand l\u2019azote est le facteur limitant pour la culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Source :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BROUQUISSE Renaud, PUPPO Alain (2020), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.encyclopedieenvironnement.org\/vivant\/plantes-air-du-temps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Des plantes qui vivent de l\u2019air du temps<\/a>, Encyclop\u00e9die de l\u2019Environnement, [en ligne ISSN 2555-0950] <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur la th\u00e9matique \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage\/nourrir-les-plantes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nourrir les plantes<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb sur notre site internet;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Certaines plantes sont capables d\u2019\u00e9tablir une relation avec des bact\u00e9ries pouvant utiliser l\u2019azote de l\u2019air : c\u2019est la fixation biologique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1556,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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