{"id":1283,"date":"2021-10-06T15:03:42","date_gmt":"2021-10-06T13:03:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1283"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:57","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:57","slug":"allelopathie-sans-herbicide-chimique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/allelopathie-sans-herbicide-chimique\/","title":{"rendered":"All\u00e9lopathie : gestion adventices sans herbicide chimique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">All\u00e9lopathie : une voix d&rsquo;exploration pour g\u00e9rer les adventices sans herbicide chimique<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;all\u00e9lopathie est une voix d&rsquo;exploration pour g\u00e9rer les adventices sans herbicide chimique. Les plantes produisent et lib\u00e8rent un grand nombre de <strong>m\u00e9tabolites sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s<\/strong> (autrefois appel\u00e9s secondaires). Ces m\u00e9tabolites peuvent avoir des e<strong>ffets tr\u00e8s marqu\u00e9s, positifs ou n\u00e9gatifs, sur les plantes voisines<\/strong>. Ce processus appel\u00e9 <strong>all\u00e9lopathie, peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une communication entre plantes<\/strong>. Les premi\u00e8res preuves de l\u2019all\u00e9lopathie remontent au troisi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle avant JC avec Th\u00e9ophraste qui observait une baisse rendement de la vigne en pr\u00e9sence de crucif\u00e8res. En 1937, Hans MOLISH utilise le terme all\u00e9lopathie. Ce terme est issu du grec <em>allelo<\/em> pour\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0l\u2019un l\u2019autre\u00a0\u00bb et de <em>pathos<\/em> pour \u00ab\u00a0souffrance\u00a0\u00bb. Cette terminologie sous-entend donc des interactions n\u00e9gatives. En 1984, Elroy le d\u00e9finit de fa\u00e7on plus large comme \u00ab\u00a0Tout effet direct ou indirect, positif ou n\u00e9gatif, d\u2019une plante sur une autre par le biais de compos\u00e9s biochimiques lib\u00e9r\u00e9s dans l\u2019environnement (atmosph\u00e8re et sol)\u00a0\u00bb. Il existe alors <strong>deux types d\u2019all\u00e9lopathie<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>L&rsquo;all\u00e9lopathie vraie :<\/strong> lib\u00e9ration de compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques actifs sous la forme produite par la plante,<\/li><li><strong>L\u2019all\u00e9lopathie fonctionnelle :<\/strong> lib\u00e9ration de compos\u00e9s devenant actifs apr\u00e8s transformation par un microorganisme.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nature des mol\u00e9cules all\u00e9lopathiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trois grandes familles<\/strong> sont repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es :&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Compos\u00e9s ph\u00e9noliques <\/strong>: acide f\u00e9rulique et p-coumarique (\u00e0 l\u2019origine des difficult\u00e9s de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration sous r\u00e9sineux), flavono\u00efdes, juglone (noyer), sorgol\u00e9one (sorgho)<\/li><li><strong>Terp\u00e8nes et terp\u00e9no\u00efdes<\/strong> : monoterp\u00e8nes qui ont un effet inhibiteur de la germination, diterp\u00e8nes, sesquiterp\u00e8nes lactones (ast\u00e9rac\u00e9es stimule la germination des orobanches), carot\u00e9no\u00efdes<\/li><li><strong>Compos\u00e9s azot\u00e9s <\/strong>: alcalo\u00efdes (ex gramine et hord\u00e9nine de l\u2019orge), glucosinolates (brassicac\u00e9es), benzoxazino\u00efdes ou acides hydroxamiques cycliques (poac\u00e9es comme ma\u00efs)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe alors <strong>quatre modes de lib\u00e9ration<\/strong>&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>La<strong> volatilisation<\/strong> principalement pour les terp\u00e8nes<\/li><li>Le <strong>lessivage<\/strong> au niveau des feuilles soit quand il pleut soit par dessication de la feuille&nbsp;: ex juglone (noyer)<\/li><li>La <strong>d\u00e9composition<\/strong>&nbsp;: ex des glucosinolates<\/li><li>La <strong>rhizod\u00e9position<\/strong> par mucilage, desquamation des cellules racinaires, \u00e9mission de compos\u00e9s organiques volatils ou exsudation racinaire (sorgol\u00e9one photo page suivante)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>La synth\u00e8se des compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques est influenc\u00e9e par la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique ou par des facteurs environnementaux. Ces derniers sont donc la lumi\u00e8re, la temp\u00e9rature, la disponibilit\u00e9 en nutriments, le stress hydrique, la densit\u00e9 ou encore l&rsquo;attaque de pathog\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>devenir des compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques<\/strong> dans le sol suit donc deux voies&nbsp;: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>activation<\/strong> par les microorganismes,<\/li><li><strong>absorption\/d\u00e9sorption<\/strong> aux collo\u00efdes du sol.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Modes d\u2019actions des compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>effets all\u00e9lopathiques interviennent \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents stades<\/strong>&nbsp;: germination, d\u00e9veloppement pr\u00e9coce et croissance. Ils interviennent \u00e9galement <strong>sur diff\u00e9rents processus&nbsp;<\/strong>: division \u00e9longation cellulaire, perm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 membranaire et respiration \/photosynth\u00e8se.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Par exemple : la sorgol\u00e9none (sorgho) pr\u00e9sente un m\u00e9canisme proche de l\u2019atrazine en perturbant le transport des \u00e9lectrons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Afin de limiter le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019autotoxicit\u00e9, les <strong>pr\u00e9curseurs sont majoritairement inactifs<\/strong>. Ils doivent donc \u00eatre activ\u00e9s par un tiers une fois lib\u00e9r\u00e9s. Toutefois, on observe parfois ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne comme pour la luzerne, ce qui oblige les agriculteurs \u00e0 la resemer au bout de quelques ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Utilisation en agriculture<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>L<strong>\u2019enjeu est de diminuer l\u2019usage des herbicides de synth\u00e8se<\/strong>. Pour cela, diff\u00e9rentes voies sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9es&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>D\u00e9veloppement des<strong> biopesticides<\/strong> comme l\u2019acide p\u00e9largonique<\/li><li><strong>Cultures en m\u00e9langes<\/strong> : cette approche pose le probl\u00e8me de la m\u00e9canisation pour l&rsquo;implantation et la r\u00e9colte dans nos syst\u00e8mes actuels.<\/li><li>R\u00e9flexion \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle de la <strong>rotation<\/strong>. Par exemple, le soja a un pouvoir all\u00e9lopathique tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant contre les adventices du ma\u00efs<\/li><li><strong>Couverts interm\u00e9diaires<\/strong> et Biofumigation<\/li><li><strong>Paillage<\/strong>&nbsp;(exemple avec du seigle)<\/li><li><strong>S\u00e9lection vari\u00e9tale<\/strong> (exemple : avec le riz et le panic pied de coq)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, on retrouve peu de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques. Car le <strong>caract\u00e8re a probablement \u00e9t\u00e9 contre s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 avec la recherche d\u2019un haut potentiel de rendement<\/strong>. En effet, il existe un co\u00fbt \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique important pour la plante pour produire ces compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques. Afin d\u2019int\u00e9grer ce caract\u00e8re dans la s\u00e9lection, il est donc <strong>n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019identifier les zones du g\u00e9nomes (TL) et all\u00e8les impliqu\u00e9s dans l\u2019inhibition des adventices<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019int\u00e9gration de l\u2019all\u00e9lopathie dans l\u2019arsenal des leviers pour g\u00e9rer les adventices semble prometteuse. Cela n\u00e9cessite toutefois de mieux identifier les facteurs influen\u00e7ant la <strong>synth\u00e8se et la lib\u00e9ration des compos\u00e9s all\u00e9lopathiques<\/strong> et notamment l<strong>\u2019importance des microorganisme<\/strong>s dans ce processus. Il faut \u00e9galement mieux caract\u00e9riser leurs <strong>modes d\u2019actions <\/strong>afin de faciliter la s\u00e9lection de cultivars all\u00e9lopathiques et d\u2019arriver \u00e0 coupler ce caract\u00e8re avec un niveau de rendement acceptable. Enfin, il faut veiller \u00e0 prendre en compte le <strong>caract\u00e8re toxique de ces compos\u00e9s \u00e0 la fois sur les plantes d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat mais \u00e9galement sur la sant\u00e9 humaine<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1285\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source&nbsp;:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>de Saint GERMAIN A., 2021. L\u2019all\u00e9lopathie&nbsp;: une communication chimique entre plantes.&nbsp; Webinaire AFBV du 26 mai 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biotechnologies-vegetales.com\/webinaire-4\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.biotechnologies-vegetales.com\/webinaire-4\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur le th\u00e8me de \u00ab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage\/proteger-les-cultures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prot\u00e9ger les cultures<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb sur notre site internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All\u00e9lopathie, la communication entre plantes : une voix d&rsquo;exploration pour g\u00e9rer les adventices sans herbicide chimique<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1474,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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