{"id":1516,"date":"2022-03-30T14:33:03","date_gmt":"2022-03-30T12:33:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1516"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:53","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:53","slug":"phosphore-ressource-indispensable","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/phosphore-ressource-indispensable\/","title":{"rendered":"Phosphore : ressource non renouvelable et indispensable"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le Phosphore : Comment g\u00e9rer cette ressource non renouvelable indispensable \u00e0 la production agricole ? \u00a0<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>phosphore est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment nutritif indispensable et non substituable pour les plantes<\/strong>. Il joue un <strong>r\u00f4le physiologique et structural<\/strong> (ADN\/ARN, ATP\/ADP, phospholipides\u2026). Une d\u00e9ficience mod\u00e9r\u00e9e entraine une r\u00e9duction de la croissance foliaire. Les plantes l\u2019accumulant dans les graines sous forme phytates, le phosphore est donc export\u00e9 par les r\u00e9coltes, de l\u2019ordre de quelques dizaines de kg de P \/ha \/an. Dans les sols, c\u2019est un <strong>\u00e9l\u00e9ment peu mobile dont la biodisponibilit\u00e9 est fortement limit\u00e9e <\/strong>des interactions physico-chimiques avec la phase solide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>phosphore est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9clencheur de l\u2019eutrophisation des eaux<\/strong>, entrainant des blooms algaux et \u00e0 terme un d\u00e9ficit d\u2019oxyg\u00e9nation des eaux profondes. Le transfert de P des sols vers les eaux se fait essentiellement par entrainement particulaire mais l\u2019origine du P des eaux n\u2019est pas que d\u2019origine agricole. Il est d\u2019autant plus important de limiter ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de pollution que le <strong>phosphore n\u2019est pas une ressource renouvelable<\/strong>. 23 Mt de roches phosphat\u00e9es sont extraites par an dont 82% servent pour la fabrication d\u2019engrais phosphat\u00e9s et 8% pour les compl\u00e9ments min\u00e9raux pour les animaux d\u2019\u00e9levage. Par ailleurs,<strong> les r\u00e9serves sont d\u00e9tenues par seulement quelques pays<\/strong>, faisant certainement du phosphore un enjeu g\u00e9opolitique fort \u00e0 l\u2019avenir.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1514\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La ressource en phosphore en France et dans le monde : \u00e9tat des lieux<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La ressource en phosphore \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9chelle mondiale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale,<strong> l\u2019agriculture consomme 90 % de l\u2019extraction des roches phosphat\u00e9es<\/strong>. Un article de 2009 \u00e9voquait la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un pic d\u2019extraction de P vers 2033 mais depuis bien que des controverses existent, les rapports convergent vers un <strong>pic mondial d\u2019extraction vers 2050 et un \u00e9puisement des r\u00e9serves ava<\/strong>nt 2150.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les cons\u00e9quences pour le march\u00e9 sont :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une <strong>augmentation \u00e0 terme des prix<\/strong> car la demande est croissante et l\u2019offre est relativement in\u00e9lastique (pas d\u2019ouverture de nouveaux sites)<\/li><li>Des <strong>difficult\u00e9s croissantes d\u2019exploitation des gisements <\/strong>: minerais de moindre concentration et contamination<\/li><li>Une <strong>tendance \u00e0 devenir plus volatil.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Par ailleurs, <strong>plus de 85 % des ressources mondiale sont contr\u00f4l\u00e9es par seulement trois pays,<\/strong> dont le Maroc concentre \u00e0 lui seul 51 billions de tonnes et la Chine 3,7. Au-del\u00e0 des r\u00e9serves de roches phosphat\u00e9es,<strong> il existe un stock de phosphore dans les sols agricoles<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, les apports annuels d\u2019engrais P et d\u2019effluents d\u2019\u00e9levage exc\u00e8dent les pr\u00e9l\u00e8vements des cultures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10 % des terres arables re\u00e7oivent plus de 50 % des apports d\u2019engrais et d\u2019effluents. 15 % des terres sont en d\u00e9ficits importants et 35 % en exc\u00e8s significatifs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les<strong> \u00e9changes internationaux de produits agricoles contribuent \u00e0 des d\u00e9placements massifs de ressources phosphore<\/strong>. En 2011, les flux de phosphore via les \u00e9changes internationaux repr\u00e9sentaient l\u2019\u00e9quivalent de 17 % de la quantit\u00e9 mondiale d\u2019engrais P \u00e9pandue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le ressource en phosphore en France<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>En France, des apports exc\u00e9dentaires de phosphore ont contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 constituer des stocks dans les sols<\/strong>. Ainsi, 80 % du phosphore des sols agricoles serait d\u2019origine anthropique. Mais depuis les ann\u00e9es 70, les apports de P min\u00e9ral ont \u00e9t\u00e9 divis\u00e9s par quatre et l\u2019exc\u00e9dent de bilan des sols fran\u00e7ais s\u2019est r\u00e9duit, passant de +18 kg P \/ ha en 1990 \u00e0 + 4 kg P \/ ha en 2006. Toutefois,<strong> il existe une forte h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe des <strong>possibilit\u00e9s de recyclage dans nos syst\u00e8mes alimentaires<\/strong>. L\u2019efficience globale d\u2019utilisation du phosphore est d\u2019environ 1 0% ce qui reste tr\u00e8s faible. Cela est li\u00e9 \u00e0 des gaspillages alimentaires, des pertes depuis les sols et un stockage dans les sols encore importants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P<strong>our recycler les flux de phosphore, il faut \u00e9galement mieux valoriser les effluents d\u2019\u00e9levage et urbains<\/strong>. Des pistes sont \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude pour recycler le phosphore des effluents en produisant des engrais de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration : proc\u00e9d\u00e9 AshDec par traitement des cendres issues de boues de STEP dig\u00e9r\u00e9 par NaSO4, proc\u00e9d\u00e9 Ostara pour produire des struvites. Mais <strong>il existe encore de nombreux verrous technologiques, \u00e9conomiques et r\u00e9glementaires pour le d\u00e9veloppement<\/strong> de ces proc\u00e9d\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les leviers mobilisables pour optimiser la biodisponibilit\u00e9 du phosphore en agriculture ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Il<strong> existe une unique forme d\u2019absorption pour la plante appel\u00e9 Pi <\/strong>mais elle est tr\u00e8s peu pr\u00e9sente dans les sols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour conna\u00eetre le Pi de ses sols, <strong>trois m\u00e9thodes d\u2019analyse existent\u00a0:<\/strong> Olsen, Joret Hebert et Dyer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Toutefois, les analyses ne transcrivent pas r\u00e9ellement le phosphore disponible car elles ne prennent pas en compte la \u00ab\u00a0boite \u00e0 outils racines\u00a0\u00bb qui comprend <strong>cinq facteurs modulant la biodisponibilit\u00e9 du phosphore<\/strong>\u00a0: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>(1) la <strong>morphologie des racines<\/strong>, <\/li><li>(2) les<strong> ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes d\u2019acidification \/alcalinisation<\/strong>, <\/li><li>(3) la <strong>production de ligands<\/strong>, <\/li><li>(4) la <strong>production d\u2019enzymes<\/strong> <\/li><li>(5) les <strong>champignons mycorhiziens<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance de la morphologie du syst\u00e8me racinaire<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Elle<strong> influence la capacit\u00e9 de pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement<\/strong>\u00a0: plus le syst\u00e8me est fascicul\u00e9 et d\u00e9velopp\u00e9, plus il est performant. Un exemple est possible avec les esp\u00e8ces prairiales<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance de la rhizosph\u00e8re<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>racine modifie le sol autour d\u2019elle, on parle de rhizosph\u00e8re qui est tr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rente du reste du sol.<\/strong> La disponibilit\u00e9 du phosphore dans la rhizosph\u00e8re est influenc\u00e9e par les processus mis en jeu par les racines et d\u00e9pend des capacit\u00e9s de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 modifier le pH, produire des exsudats et des enzymes. En cons\u00e9quence, <strong>la biodiversit\u00e9 du phosphore varie en fonction de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce v\u00e9g\u00e9tale<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><u>Mise en solution<\/u><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>La solution autour de la racine est capable de se remplir en Pi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><u>Variation du pH rhizosph\u00e9rique<\/u><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour absorber des cations (K<sup>+<\/sup>, NH4<sup>+<\/sup>, Ca2<sup>+<\/sup>\u2026), la racine s\u00e9cr\u00e8te des ions H+ qui acidifie le milieu. A l\u2019inverse, l\u2019absorption d\u2019anions (NO3<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u2026) entraine la s\u00e9cr\u00e9tion d\u2019ions OH- entrainant une alcalinisation. La forme d\u2019azote disponible est donc un facteur essentiel dans ce processus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019acidification autour des racines permet de dissoudre le phosphate de roche.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><u>Production de ligands et d\u2019enzymes<\/u><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Le ligand entraine la ch\u00e9lation du phosphore pr\u00e9sent dans la phase solide du sol et augmente la concentration de Pi dans la solution. Les enzymes s\u00e9cr\u00e9t\u00e9s entrainent quant \u00e0 elle une hydrolyse du phosphore sous forme organique qui devient alors disponible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le r\u00f4le des Mycorhizes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les<strong> hyphes des mycorhizes explorent un volume du sol consid\u00e9rable\u00a0<\/strong>: 100 m \/ cm<sup>3<\/sup> de sol. Les mycorhizes vont donc chercher le phosphore l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les racines des plantes ne pourraient pas l\u2019atteindre et contribuer \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation de la biomasse des plantes (cf graph ci-contre \u00e0 droite).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainsi, <strong>la quasi-totalit\u00e9 du phosphore de la plante peut \u00eatre d\u2019origine mycorhizienne<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">En r\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pour augmenter la biodisponibilit\u00e9 du phosphore des sols, diff\u00e9rents leviers sont donc \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>(1) Utiliser <strong>la fertilisation azot\u00e9e<\/strong> pour induire soit une acidit\u00e9 en sol calcaire (ammonium) soit une alcalinisation en sol acide (nitrate)<\/li><li>(2) Jouer sur <strong>la compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces<\/strong> : Les c\u00e9r\u00e9ales ont un syst\u00e8me racinaire tr\u00e8s ramifi\u00e9 et donc tr\u00e8s efficace pour absorber P en explorant plus de volumes de sol. Les l\u00e9gumineuses ont un syst\u00e8me racinaire moins \u00e9tendu mais elles sont capables de produire des ligands et des enzymes et donc d\u2019augmenter la biodisponibilit\u00e9 du phosphore.<\/li><li>(3) <strong>Limiter les pratiques n\u00e9fastes<\/strong> pour les mycorhizes notamment le travail du sol<\/li><li>(4) Int\u00e9grer de <strong>nouveaux crit\u00e8res de s\u00e9lection des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s sur sols<\/strong> \u00e0 faible niveau de disponibilit\u00e9 en phosphore\u00a0:<ul><li>La <strong>morphologie<\/strong>, l\u2019architecture racinaire<\/li><\/ul><ul><li>Des crit\u00e8res d\u2019<strong>efficience d\u2019absorption<\/strong> de P et d\u2019utilisation du P<\/li><\/ul><ul><li><strong>Vari\u00e9t\u00e9s avec moins de phytates<\/strong> donc moins d\u2019exportation par le grain<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source :<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Webinaire \u00ab<a href=\"https:\/\/www.academie-agriculture.fr\/actualites\/academie\/seance\/academie\/webinaire-le-phosphore-nutrition-des-plantes-qualite-des-eaux-et\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> Le phosphore : nutrition des plantes, qualit\u00e9 des eaux et gestion d\u2019une ressource non renouvelable<\/a> \u00bb Acad\u00e9mie d\u2019Agriculture 03 06 2020<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur la<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage\/nourrir-les-plantes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> th\u00e9matique de nourrir les plantes<\/a> sur notre site internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le Phosphore : Comment g\u00e9rer cet \u00e9l\u00e9ment non renouvelable indispensable \u00e0 la production agricole ?  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1517,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1516","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nourrir-les-plantes","category-reductions-dintrants-en-cultures-et-en-elevage"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Phosphore : ressource non renouvelable et indispensable - L&#039;ARAD2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Phosphore : comment g\u00e9rer cette ressource non renouvelable indispensable \u00e0 la production agricole ? 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