{"id":1633,"date":"2022-04-27T13:30:38","date_gmt":"2022-04-27T11:30:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1633"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:52","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:52","slug":"fondamentaux-agroecologie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/fondamentaux-agroecologie\/","title":{"rendered":"Fondamentaux de l\u2019agro\u00e9cologie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les fondamentaux de l\u2019agro\u00e9cologie&nbsp;: Sol, Eau, Plantes et Animaux en interaction<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Les fondamentaux de l&rsquo;agro\u00e9cologie sont les interactions entre le sol, l&rsquo;eau, les plantes et les animaux. Un <strong>agrosyst\u00e8me est un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me sp\u00e9cifique<\/strong> dans lequel l\u2019Homme intervient par la mise en \u0153uvre d\u2019activit\u00e9s agricoles. Les interventions peuvent \u00eatre la pr\u00e9paration des sols pour les cultures, la mise en place et entretien des cultures, l&rsquo;alimentation et soin des animaux\u2026 L\u2019<strong>agro\u00e9cologie combine des r\u00e9ponses d\u2019ordre technique<\/strong>. Les r\u00e9ponses permettent donc \u00e0 l\u2019homme de de concilier productivit\u00e9, <strong>avec faible pression sur l\u2019environnement et gestion durable des ressources naturelles<\/strong>. L&rsquo;agro\u00e9cologie prend en compte les interactions entre le sol, l\u2019eau, la plante et l\u2019animal.  L&rsquo;objectif d\u2019int\u00e9gration de l\u2019activit\u00e9 repose donc sur des principes cl\u00e9s de gestion de ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1636\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principes de gestion agro\u00e9cologique du sol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>sol assure diff\u00e9rentes fonctions :<\/strong> fonction alimentaire, fonction de support et fonction environnementale (stockage de l\u2019eau, habitat pour la faune\u2026). Il est donc essentiel de <strong>g\u00e9rer cette ressource de fa\u00e7on responsable,<\/strong> afin de la pr\u00e9server et de la mettre en valeur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Un<strong> travail du sol minimal<\/strong>. L&rsquo;objectif est d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer sa structure. Cette am\u00e9lioration permet le d\u00e9veloppement de la microfaune et de la microflore dans les diff\u00e9rentes strates.<\/li><li>Une <strong>protection du sol<\/strong> contre les agressions climatiques notamment l\u2019\u00e9rosion hydrique (couverts, bandes enherb\u00e9es, haies\u2026)<\/li><li>Une<strong> gestion de la fertilit\u00e9 des sols<\/strong>. Cette gestion est alors bas\u00e9e pr\u00e9f\u00e9rentiellement sur des apports organiques (effluents, couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux). L&rsquo;objectif est donc de conserver et d&rsquo;am\u00e9liorer la structure, l\u2019a\u00e9ration, la r\u00e9tention de l\u2019eau et l\u2019adsorption des \u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs. La fertilisation chimique doit \u00e9galement \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e comme compl\u00e9ment.<\/li><li>Int\u00e9grer de <strong>nouveaux crit\u00e8res de s\u00e9lection des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/strong> sur sols \u00e0 faible niveau de disponibilit\u00e9 en P, par la s\u00e9lection&nbsp;:<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>De la morphologie, l\u2019architecture racinaire,<\/li><li>Des crit\u00e8res d\u2019efficience d\u2019absorption de P et d\u2019utilisation du P,<\/li><li>De vari\u00e9t\u00e9s avec moins de phytates donc moins d\u2019exportation par le grain.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principes de gestion agro\u00e9cologique de l\u2019eau<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L<strong>\u2019eau permet la vie du sol<\/strong>. Elle transporte les \u00e9l\u00e9ments nutritifs pour la plante et abreuve les animaux. Elle<strong> peut aussi \u00eatre destructrice<\/strong> en \u00e9rodant les terres par ruissellement, en inondant les champs et en d\u00e9truisant les cultures. Il est donc n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019adopter des<strong> pratiques pour g\u00e9rer les exc\u00e8s et\/ou insuffisances<\/strong> de cette ressource.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>Une <strong>conservation de l\u2019eau du sol<\/strong> au b\u00e9n\u00e9fice des plantes cultiv\u00e9es : apport de mati\u00e8res organiques dans les sols (r\u00f4le d\u2019\u00e9ponge), pratiques am\u00e9liorant l\u2019infiltration des sols (couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux\u2026)<\/li><li>Une <strong>gestion de l\u2019eau raisonn\u00e9e<\/strong> adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 de la ressource : irrigation, drainage, rigoles\u2026<\/li><li>Une<strong> protection de la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau<\/strong> : raisonnement de l\u2019usage des produits phytosanitaires et de la fertilisation<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principes de gestion agro\u00e9cologique de la plante<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Par la photosynth\u00e8se, la plante produit de l\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne et s\u00e9questre du carbone. Ses racines colonisent le sol. La plante favorise alors la vie souterraine et sa partie a\u00e9rienne prot\u00e8ge le sol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une <strong>adaptation des plantes \u00e0 l\u2019agrosyst\u00e8me <\/strong>et r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 une demande des producteurs et des consommateurs : choix d\u2019esp\u00e8ces et de vari\u00e9t\u00e9s adapt\u00e9es aux ressources disponibles et au climat<\/li><li>Une<strong> ma\u00eetrise des itin\u00e9raires techniques<\/strong> r\u00e9pondant aux besoins de la plante et respectueux de l\u2019environnement : protection int\u00e9gr\u00e9e par la combinaison de leviers agronomiques et l\u2019usage de produits phytosanitaires si n\u00e9cessaire, nutrition des plantes \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e\u2026<\/li><li>Des <strong>syst\u00e8mes de cultures privil\u00e9giant les compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9s<\/strong> dans l\u2019espace et dans le temps : associations et successions culturales, agroforesterie.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Principes de gestion agro\u00e9cologique de l\u2019animal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019<strong>\u00e9levage assure diff\u00e9rentes fonctions r\u00e9pondant aux besoins de l\u2019Homme<\/strong> : alimentaire (lait, viande), utilitaire (laine\u2026) et \u00e9conomique. L\u2019activit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9levage est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u2019\u00e9quilibre des syst\u00e8mes agricoles. Cet \u00e9quilibre se fait par les \u00e9changes entre les cultures et les animaux (alimentation, paille, restitution des mati\u00e8res organiques). Il est donc <strong>n\u00e9cessaire de maximiser les synergies entre les ateliers cultures et les ateliers animaux<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une <strong>adaptation des animaux \u00e0 l\u2019agrosyst\u00e8me<\/strong>. Elle doit \u00e9galement r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 une demande des producteurs et des consommateurs : choix des races, choix des crit\u00e8res de s\u00e9lection\u2026<\/li><li>Une <strong>ma\u00eetrise de la conduite du troupeau<\/strong> r\u00e9pondant aux besoins des animaux. Elle doit aussi \u00eatre respectueuse de l\u2019environnement : conception et ambiance du b\u00e2timent, gestion de la sant\u00e9, bien-\u00eatre animal \u2026<\/li><li>Des <strong>syst\u00e8mes d\u2019\u00e9levage privil\u00e9giant les compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9s dans l\u2019espace et le temps<\/strong>. Par exemple : recherche d\u2019autonomie alimentaire, bonne gestion et valorisation des prairies (p\u00e2turage\u2026), bonne utilisation des effluents organiques, recherche de fourrages compl\u00e9mentaires \u2026<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Source :\u00ab&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.agrisud.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Agrisud_Guide_Agroecologie_2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">L\u2019agro\u00e9cologie en pratiques&nbsp;\u00bb <\/a>guide AgriSud2020<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur le<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/agroecologie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> th\u00e8me de l&rsquo;agro\u00e9cologie<\/a> sur notre site internet.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les fondamentaux de l&rsquo;agro\u00e9cologie sont les interactions entre sol, eau, plantes et animaux. Il est n\u00e9cessaire de maximiser les synergies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1634,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agroecologie"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fondamentaux de l\u2019agro\u00e9cologie - L&#039;ARAD2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les fondamentaux de l&#039;agro\u00e9cologie sont les interactions entre sol, eau, plantes et animaux. 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