{"id":1727,"date":"2022-05-25T09:58:08","date_gmt":"2022-05-25T07:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=1727"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:51","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:51","slug":"pse-paiements-services-environnementaux","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/pse-paiements-services-environnementaux\/","title":{"rendered":"PSE : Paiements pour Services Environnementaux"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) : de nouveaux march\u00e9s entre agriculteurs et entreprises ?<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>Paiements pour Services environnementaux (PSE) permettent de r\u00e9mun\u00e9rer les agriculteurs pour des actions de pr\u00e9servation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes dont la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 tire des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices<\/strong>. Ils apparaissent donc pour les agriculteurs comme une<strong> opportunit\u00e9 de diversifier leurs revenus<\/strong> et <strong>de s\u2019associer activement dans des projets de territoire<\/strong>. Et ils apparaissent pour les entreprises comme la possibilit\u00e9 de financer des projets. Ces derniers ont du sens et s\u2019ins\u00e8rent dans leur d\u00e9marche de responsabilit\u00e9 soci\u00e9tale des entreprises (RSE). La <strong>Chaire Mutations Agricoles<\/strong> a propos\u00e9, le 20 janvier 2022, un atelier conf\u00e9rence sur les PSE. Il s&rsquo;articulait notamment autour de la fa\u00e7on de construire de nouveaux march\u00e9s entre agriculteurs et entreprises.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1725\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les PSE de la th\u00e9orie \u00e0 la pratique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">D\u00e9finition des PSE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les<strong> PSE sont des transactions volontaires pour les deux parties<\/strong>. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un achat r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par au moins un acheteur aurp\u00e8s d&rsquo;un fournisseur de service. Et, il concerne un service environnemental bien d\u00e9fini, ou un usage de la terre susceptible d\u2019assurer ce service. A la seule condition que le fournisseur assure alors bien la fourniture du service.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>services environnementaux sont la diff\u00e9rence de flux de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques sous l\u2019action humaine<\/strong> (une ou plusieurs pratiques). Le flux doit augmenter sous l\u2019effet du paiement, sinon ce n\u2019est pas un PSE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>PSE peuvent \u00eatre financ\u00e9s par des financements publics ou priv\u00e9s<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les financements publics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dans le cas des financements publics, il y a deux possibilit\u00e9s<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Les aides agricoles via la PAC<\/strong>. Aujourd\u2019hui, elles sont limit\u00e9es par la r\u00e8gle du surco\u00fbt et du manque \u00e0 gagner (MAEC). Le gros des aides est actuellement d\u00e9coupl\u00e9e de la production et de l\u2019environnement. La pr\u00e9servation de l\u2019environnement ne rend alors pas les agriculteurs \u00ab riches \u00bb. A voir si les \u00e9cor\u00e9gimes de la future PAC changeront ce constat.<\/li><li><strong>La commande publique via des politiques<\/strong>. Par exemple, les \u00e9nergies renouvelables obligent EDF \u00e0 acheter de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 issu des \u00e9nergies renouvelables, ou des PSE durs mis en place par des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales en lien avec des co\u00fbts \u00e9vit\u00e9s (production d\u2019eau potable, algues vertes\u2026).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les financements priv\u00e9s<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans le cas de financements priv\u00e9s, ce sont des <strong>entreprises ou des associations priv\u00e9es qui sont les acheteurs<\/strong>. Elles disposent de davantage de libert\u00e9. Ainsi le service, le paiement et les termes du contrat sont n\u00e9goci\u00e9s. Cela peut alors permettre des paiements incitatifs allant au-del\u00e0 du surco\u00fbt ou du manque \u00e0 gagner, avec des possibilit\u00e9s de dur\u00e9e de contrat plus longue que les MAEC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les faiblesses des PSE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour autant, qu\u2019il soit dans un cadre public ou priv\u00e9, <strong>le dispositif des PSE pr\u00e9sente des faiblesses<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Les <strong>co\u00fbts des transactions<\/strong> associ\u00e9s \u00e0 la d\u00e9finition des services environnementaux et<strong> des contrats \u00e9lev\u00e9s<\/strong>,<\/li><li>Les <strong>probl\u00e8mes d\u2019agglom\u00e9ration spatiale et temporelle <\/strong>des actions des agriculteurs. En effet, il existe souvent un d\u00e9calage entre la collecte du paiement, la p\u00e9riode de paiement et le flux de services environnementaux.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Une<strong> attention particuli\u00e8re doit \u00eatre donc port\u00e9e aux sch\u00e9mas de paiement<\/strong> : paiement au d\u00e9but pour financer la transition, annuellement ou au r\u00e9sultat. Le plus simple est d\u2019avoir une banque dans le dispositif pour g\u00e9rer les flux d\u2019argent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quelques exemples de projets PSE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecom\u00e9thane, programme de l\u2019association Bleu Blanc C\u0153ur<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/bleu-blanc-coeur.org\/a-propos\/demarche-environnementale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ecom\u00e9thane<\/a> a pour objectif de r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre (GES)<\/strong> \u00e9mises par les ruminants, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une alimentation contenant des sources d\u2019om\u00e9ga 3 (herbe, luzerne, lin \u2026). Elle repose sur une m\u00e9thodologie brevet\u00e9e. Elle permet alors de<strong> mesurer de fa\u00e7on indirecte les \u00e9missions de m\u00e9thane produite par les vaches \u00e0 partir des acides gras du lait.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, environ <strong>800 \u00e9leveurs sont engag\u00e9s <\/strong>dans la d\u00e9marche Ecom\u00e9thane en France. Le flux de service environnemental est facilement mesurable. Toutefois, cette <strong>mesure reste partielle<\/strong>. Car elle <strong>ne prend en compte que la vache et non le syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9levage dans son ensemble<\/strong>. Une autre limite est qu\u2019au moment de l\u2019engagement, <strong>l\u2019agriculteur ne connait pas le montant du paiement<\/strong>. En effet, chaque ann\u00e9e, l\u2019association cherche des sponsors qui font des donations. Les agriculteurs se partagent ce que l\u2019association collecte, <strong>la tonne de CO<sub>2<\/sub> n\u2019a donc pas toujours le m\u00eame prix<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hiilip\u00f6rssi, une plateforme de crowfunding finlandaise pour la restauration des tourbi\u00e8res<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hiilip\u00f6rssi<\/strong> est une<a href=\"https:\/\/hiiliporssi.fi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> plateforme internet<\/a> qui <strong>permet de combiner le consentement \u00e0 payer citoyen pour le climat et la restauration de la biodiversit\u00e9.<\/strong> Cela propose au citoyen finlandais de compenser ses \u00e9missions de GES en finan\u00e7ant la restauration de zones humides. Ces derni\u00e8res sont des puits \u00e0 carbone importants. Ce dispositif PSE marche d\u2019autant mieux qu\u2019il y a peu d\u2019habitants et beaucoup de zones humides en Finlande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">LabPSE, un projet recherche action initi\u00e9 par des agriculteurs et port\u00e9 par TRAME et INRAe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/webtrame.net\/labpse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LabPSE<\/a> vise quatre objectifs<\/strong> : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>faire \u00e9merger l\u2019offre et converger les demandes<\/strong>, <\/li><li><strong>faire coop\u00e9rer<\/strong> les acteurs territoriaux, <\/li><li><strong>accompagner<\/strong> la signature des PSE <\/li><li><strong>anticiper <\/strong>les cons\u00e9quences des PSE.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce cadre, a notamment \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 le <strong>projet de PSE \u00ab Carabes et Canop\u00e9e \u00bb<\/strong>. Ce projet offre un bouquet de services autour de la haie : restauration des continuit\u00e9s bocag\u00e8res, am\u00e9lioration des fonctionnalit\u00e9s \u00e9cologiques\u2026 Ce projet repose sur une <strong>coop\u00e9ration territoriale<\/strong>. Il y a six agriculteurs volontaires et un comit\u00e9 locale d\u2019expertise (F\u00e9d\u00e9ration des chasseurs, Bretagne vivante, collectif bois bocage 35 et bassin versant de la Seiche).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perspectives des PSE<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>PSE donnent une valeur marchande aux services environnementaux.<\/strong> On passe ainsi d\u2019une vision \u00ab g\u00e9rer des biens communs \u00bb \u00e0 \u00ab rendre des services environnementaux \u00bb. Cette notion de service permet notamment de bien transcrire l\u2019effort que l\u2019agriculteur doit fournir. Elle permet \u00e9galement de garder une <strong>approche positive de la d\u00e9marche<\/strong>. Cela pose toutefois encore des questions : <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Comment bien d\u00e9finir la valeur marchande de ces services ? <\/li><li>Faut-il r\u00e9mun\u00e9rer le but atteint ou financer le chemin pour l\u2019atteindre ? <\/li><li>Pourquoi certaines entreprises priv\u00e9es financeraient-elles des biens publics comme la biodiversit\u00e9 alors que d\u2019autres en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficieraient sans payer ?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source :<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Atelier conf\u00e9rence \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gTfOyE-98UY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) : comment construire de nouveaux march\u00e9s entre agriculteurs et entreprises ? <\/a>organis\u00e9 par la Chaire Mutations Agricoles<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications en lien avec l&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/agroecologie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">agro\u00e9cologie<\/a> sur notre site internet;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) : de nouveaux march\u00e9s entre agriculteurs et entreprises ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agroecologie"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PSE : Paiements pour Services Environnementaux - L&#039;ARAD2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les Paiements pour Services Environnementaux (PSE) : de nouveaux march\u00e9s entre agriculteurs et entreprises ?\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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