{"id":2209,"date":"2022-10-25T16:34:18","date_gmt":"2022-10-25T14:34:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=2209"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:45","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:45","slug":"azote-grauit-et-legumineuses-a-graines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/azote-grauit-et-legumineuses-a-graines\/","title":{"rendered":"Azote et l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduire de l\u2019azote gratuit dans les syst\u00e8mes de production gr\u00e2ce aux l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>L<strong>\u2019introduction de l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines dans la succession culturale permet de capter de l\u2019azote de l\u2019air<\/strong> et donc d\u2019assurer une entr\u00e9e de l\u2019azote renouvelable et gratuite dans le syst\u00e8me de production. Mais pour b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier pleinement des services que peuvent rendre les l\u00e9gumineuses. Il s\u2019agit alors d\u2019abord de <strong>r\u00e9ussir la croissance maximale de la plante<\/strong>. Les l\u00e9gumineuses sont capables de compl\u00e9ter ou suppl\u00e9er l\u2019absorption racinaire d\u2019azote min\u00e9ral par la fixation symbiotique de l\u2019azote de l\u2019air. <strong>Par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019assimilation de nitrates, le processus de fixation biologique est plus sensible aux conditions rencontr\u00e9es<\/strong> selon la combinaison du climat ou des pratiques agricoles. L\u2019implantation et la gestion de l\u2019azote sont primordiales pour des nodosit\u00e9s fonctionnelles. Le climat joue un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration du rendement et la qualit\u00e9 des graines.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"2207\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 90 % de l\u2019azote issu de la fixation symbiotique si les nodosit\u00e9s fonctionnent bien<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La fixation azot\u00e9e symbiotique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>fixation azot\u00e9e symbiotique est le processus biologique qui permet de convertir l\u2019azote de l\u2019air ambiant (N<sub>2<\/sub>) en azote min\u00e9ral interm\u00e9diaire (azote ammoniacal, NH<sub>3<\/sub>)<\/strong>. Ce dernier est alors assimilable par les organismes vivants pour constituer les mol\u00e9cules organiques (notamment les prot\u00e9ines). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour la l\u00e9gumineuse, cela repose sur un dialogue mol\u00e9culaire entre la plante h\u00f4te. Cette plante s\u00e9cr\u00e8te des flavono\u00efdes et des bact\u00e9ries du sol; du genre Rhizobium (ou parfois Bradyrhizobium). Dont la plante reconnait les facteurs Nod. Cette reconnaissance d\u00e9clenche le <strong>processus d\u2019infection et la formation des nodosit\u00e9s<\/strong>. Puis la symbiose se traduit par des \u00e9changes r\u00e9ciproques de nutriments entre la plante et le rhizobium. La transformation du rhizobium h\u00e9berg\u00e9 se fait dans la nodosit\u00e9. La plante fournit sucres et \u00e9nergie. De plus, elle b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de l\u2019azote min\u00e9ral produit par le bact\u00e9ro\u00efde par fixation de l\u2019air ambiant. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les<strong> bact\u00e9ries \u00e9tant en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral pr\u00e9sentes dans tous les sols fran\u00e7ais, l\u2019inoculation est inutile<\/strong>. Sauf pour le cas du soja, o\u00f9 elle est quasi syst\u00e9matique. De plus, elle peut s\u2019av\u00e9rer n\u00e9cessaire dans des conditions sp\u00e9cifiques pour certaines esp\u00e8ces comme dans le cas du lupin en sols basiques ou la luzerne et le pois chiche en sols acides.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le pourcentage de fixation symbiotique par rapport au pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement total d\u2019azote<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>pourcentage de fixation symbiotique par rapport au pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement total d\u2019azote (% Ndfa) est une caract\u00e9ristique intrins\u00e8que de chaque esp\u00e8ce de l\u00e9gumineuses<\/strong>. Ce sont les l\u00e9gumineuses fourrag\u00e8res (tr\u00e8fle et luzerne) qui ont le taux de fixation le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9, avec 90 % de l\u2019azote issu de la fixation symbiotique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"415\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/classes-Ndfa.png?resize=480%2C415&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/classes-Ndfa.png?w=480&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/classes-Ndfa.png?resize=300%2C259&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><figcaption>Classes % Ndfa &#8211; r\u00e9f\u00e9rences fran\u00e7aises selon les moyennes des mesures INRA-ESA-Terres Inovia (2018)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>mode de culture a \u00e9galement une influence<\/strong>. Par exemple, pour le pois, si la disponibilit\u00e9 en azote au semis est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 60 kg N\/ha, l\u2019activit\u00e9 fixatrice d\u00e9marre 235 degr\u00e9s jour apr\u00e8s la lev\u00e9e (mise en place des nodosit\u00e9s). Si elle est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 60 kg N. ha, il y a inhibation de la fixation symbiotique. Ainsi, l\u2019assimilation d\u2019azote min\u00e9ral est la seule voie d\u2019acquisition d\u2019azote par le peuplement. Puis avec l\u2019\u00e9puisement de l\u2019azote min\u00e9ral dans le sol, il y a la lev\u00e9 de l\u2019inhibition. Puis, la fixation prend le relais de l\u2019assimilation. Le pic de fixation est atteint au d\u00e9but du remplissage des graines (DRG). L\u2019activit\u00e9 fixatrice chute fortement ensuite. En cas d\u2019apport de nitrates au stade v\u00e9g\u00e9tatif ou en cours de floraison, la reprise de nodulation et donc de l\u2019activit\u00e9 fixatrice est possible. Si apport est apr\u00e8s le stade DRG, il n\u2019y a pas de reprise possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des conditions climatiques pas toujours favorables \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9laboration du rendement des l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote introduite dans le syst\u00e8me de production<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La<strong> quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote introduite dans le syst\u00e8me de production d\u00e9pend donc \u00e0 la fois<\/strong> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>des<strong> caract\u00e9ristiques g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques<\/strong>,<\/li><li> mais \u00e9galement de la <strong>croissance et du rendement des l\u00e9gumineuses<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour le pois et la f\u00e9verole, le d\u00e9ficit hydrique est un facteur limitant majeur de la croissance et du rendement. Le manque d\u2019eau impacte la taille des feuilles et donc la photosynth\u00e8se avec une r\u00e9duction de l\u2019efficience de conversion du rayonnement en biomasse. S\u2019il intervient en cours de floraison, il provoque un arr\u00eat anticip\u00e9 et donc un raccourcissement du cycle. Il y a donc un nombre r\u00e9duit de graines. Les premiers \u00e9tages reproducteurs concentrent alors ces graines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le<strong>s temp\u00e9ratures maximales sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 25 \u00b0C perturbent \u00e9galement les l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines<\/strong>. L\u2019efficience de conversion du rayonnement commence \u00e0 diminuer quand la temp\u00e9rature d\u00e9passe les 22 \u00b0C, limitant la photosynth\u00e8se. De fortes temp\u00e9ratures avant le stade d\u00e9but floraison entrainent une r\u00e9duction du nombre d\u2019\u00e9tages reproducteurs d\u2019autant plus importante que la contrainte a \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9coce et prolong\u00e9e. Apr\u00e8s ce stade DF, ces temp\u00e9ratures provoquent des avortements de grains et affectent leur remplissage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le rendement des l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Comme pour de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces,<strong> la teneur en azote dans la plante d\u00e9cro\u00eet avec l\u2019accumulation de biomasse au cours du cycle<\/strong>. Ainsi, pour le pois, au stade d\u00e9but floraison, la biomasse a\u00e9rienne doit \u00eatre proche de 300 gMS\/m\u00b2 et la teneur en azote de la plante sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 3,5 %. La teneur en prot\u00e9ines des graines d\u00e9pend fortement du climat mais chaque ann\u00e9e, pour le pois, on observe un gradient entre r\u00e9gions. Les valeurs les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es et stables se situent plut\u00f4t dans la moiti\u00e9 nord de la France (hauts de France, Normandie et Bretagne). A l\u2019inverse, on observe souvent des valeurs plus faibles et plus variables en Poitou Charente, dans l\u2019est et le grand sud de la France. Cela s\u2019explique notamment par <strong>la r\u00e9gularit\u00e9 de la disponibilit\u00e9 en eau, un d\u00e9ficit s\u00e9v\u00e8re entra\u00eenant une baisse de la teneur en prot\u00e9ines ainsi qu\u2019une modification de leur composition<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des r\u00e9sidus de culture plus riches en azote pour les cultures suivantes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote issue de la min\u00e9ralisation des r\u00e9sidus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote issue de la min\u00e9ralisation des r\u00e9sidus d\u00e9pend \u00e0 la fois de la :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote dans les r\u00e9sidus des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents culturaux<\/strong> qui d\u00e9termine la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote organique totale fournie au sol par les r\u00e9sidus de culture ;<\/li><li><strong>proportion de cet azote organique des r\u00e9sidus min\u00e9ralis\u00e9e par les micro-organismes du sol<\/strong>. Cette proportion d\u00e9pend notamment de leur qualit\u00e9 biochimique. <\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Ainsi, les r\u00e9sidus a\u00e9riens des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents culturaux se caract\u00e9risent par le rapport carbone \/ azote (C\/N). Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;un indicateur du potentiel de min\u00e9ralisation de l\u2019azote des r\u00e9sidus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les quantit\u00e9s totales d\u2019azote laiss\u00e9es au sol par les r\u00e9sidus a\u00e9riens des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents culturaux se situent entre 20 kg N ha-1 (lupin) et 161 kg N ha-1 (pois chiche enfoui en plante enti\u00e8re) (Figure 7A). Le rapport C\/N des r\u00e9sidus a\u00e9riens quant \u00e0 lui se situe entre 17 (vesce de Narbonne enfouie en plante enti\u00e8re) et 73 (orge) (Figure 7B).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"756\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/quantite-totale-azote-dans-residus-aeriens-des-precedents-culturaux.png?resize=756%2C449&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/quantite-totale-azote-dans-residus-aeriens-des-precedents-culturaux.png?w=756&amp;ssl=1 756w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2022\/10\/quantite-totale-azote-dans-residus-aeriens-des-precedents-culturaux.png?resize=300%2C178&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 756px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><figcaption>Les quantit\u00e9s totales d\u2019azote laiss\u00e9es au sol par les r\u00e9sidus a\u00e9riens des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents culturaux sont comprises entre 20 kg N ha-1 (lupin) et 161 kg N ha-1 (pois chiche enfoui en plante enti\u00e8re) (Figure 7A). Le rapport C\/N des r\u00e9sidus a\u00e9riens est compris entre 17 (vesce de Narbonne enfouie en plante enti\u00e8re) et 73 (orge) (Figure 7B).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Les <strong>plantes sans production de graines ont les plus grandes quantit\u00e9s d\u2019azote dans les r\u00e9sidus et les plus faibles rapports C\/N<\/strong>. Pour ces mesures, la plante enti\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme r\u00e9sidu de culture (vesce de Narbonne et pois chiche). En l\u2019absence de production de graines et de r\u00e9colte, l\u2019azote accumul\u00e9 dans les parties v\u00e9g\u00e9tatives n\u2019est donc pas remobilis\u00e9 vers les graines ni export\u00e9 par la r\u00e9colte. Ce qui explique ces quantit\u00e9s d\u2019azote \u00e9lev\u00e9es et ces faibles rapports C\/N des r\u00e9sidus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les indices de r\u00e9colte azot\u00e9 des l\u00e9gumineuses<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>On remarque que<strong> le pois, le lupin et le soja pr\u00e9sentent des r\u00e9sidus avec de faibles quantit\u00e9s d\u2019azote et des rapports C\/N \u00e9lev\u00e9s<\/strong>. Ce qui est proche de ceux mesur\u00e9s pour les deux c\u00e9r\u00e9ales sorgho et orge. Cela s\u2019explique par le fait que ces trois esp\u00e8ces de l\u00e9gumineuses pr\u00e9sentent des indices de r\u00e9colte azot\u00e9 (<em>NHI : rapport entre la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote dans les graines sur la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019azote totale de la plante<\/em>) tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9s (en moyenne 87 %). Une grande partie de l\u2019azote des feuilles et des tiges a donc \u00e9t\u00e9 remobilis\u00e9 et export\u00e9 par les graines r\u00e9colt\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>vesce commune, le haricot, la lentille et la f\u00e9verole pr\u00e9sentent des quantit\u00e9s d\u2019azote et rapports C\/N des r\u00e9sidus de culture interm\u00e9diaires<\/strong>. Ils se situent entre ceux des l\u00e9gumineuses non r\u00e9colt\u00e9es et des l\u00e9gumineuses avec de grands NHI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La figure 7B montre que<strong> plus le rapport C\/N des r\u00e9sidus est \u00e9lev\u00e9, plus faible est la proportion d\u2019azote des r\u00e9sidus min\u00e9ralis\u00e9e<\/strong>. De plus, une grande partie des r\u00e9sidus engendre des proportions d\u2019azote min\u00e9ralis\u00e9es n\u00e9gatives. Ce qui refl\u00e9te le processus d\u2019organisation nette de l\u2019azote par les microorganismes du sol. Seuls les r\u00e9sidus avec un C\/N inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 28 engendrent une min\u00e9ralisation nette de l\u2019azote (valeurs positives). C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire qu\u2019ils augmentent le pool d\u2019azote min\u00e9ral du sol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources pour r\u00e9diger notre publication azote gratuit et l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines\u00a0:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Fixation symbiotique de l\u2019azote et effet pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent : toutes les l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines se valent-elles ? Guinet M., Nicolardot B., Durey V., Revellin C., Lombard E., Pimet E., Bizouard F., Voisin A.-S. Innovations Agronomiques 74 (2019), 55-68<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Webinaire \u00ab Ecophysiologie des l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines \u2013 \u00e9laboration du rendement et de la qualit\u00e9 des graines \u00bb Terres Inovia 11 mars 2022<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduire de l\u2019azote gratuit dans les syst\u00e8mes de production gr\u00e2ce aux l\u00e9gumineuses \u00e0 graines<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2212,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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