{"id":2298,"date":"2023-01-04T12:42:20","date_gmt":"2023-01-04T11:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=2298"},"modified":"2023-03-07T09:23:42","modified_gmt":"2023-03-07T08:23:42","slug":"couverts-vegetaux-en-france","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/couverts-vegetaux-en-france\/","title":{"rendered":"Couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux en France"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Etat des lieux des pratiques li\u00e9es aux couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux en France<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans cette publication, retrouvez un \u00e9tat des lieux des pratiques li\u00e9es aux couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux en France. L\u2019\u00e9volution de la r\u00e9glementation, en lien notamment avec la directive Nitrate, a conduit \u00e0 une \u00e9volution des pratiques de gestion de l\u2019interculture. On d\u00e9finit l\u2019interculture comme la p\u00e9riode entre la r\u00e9colte du pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent et le semis de la culture suivante. Quatre \u00e9tats sont possibles\u00a0: sol nu, repousses du pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent, culture d\u00e9rob\u00e9e ou encore culture interm\u00e9diaire appel\u00e9e commun\u00e9ment couvert v\u00e9g\u00e9tal. Une analyse des bases de donn\u00e9es du Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture (p\u00e9riode 2001-2017) montre qu\u2019il existe une grande diversit\u00e9 de strat\u00e9gies de gestion de l\u2019interculture. Les repousses sont dominantes dans la couverture automnale de sol . Mais, on constate une mont\u00e9e en puissance des cultures interm\u00e9diaires en m\u00e9langes d\u2019esp\u00e8ces avec toutefois une forte h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 par r\u00e9gion.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"2296\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une \u00e9volution du mode de gestion de l\u2019interculture impuls\u00e9e par la r\u00e9glementation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Au cours des 16 ann\u00e9es explor\u00e9es (2001-2017), l\u2019extension des couvertures v\u00e9g\u00e9tales, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 45 % des surfaces de grandes cultures, concerne principalement les repousses du pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent (25 %) et les cultures interm\u00e9diaires (20 %) au d\u00e9triment principalement des sols nus en interculture longue (15 %).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"767\" height=\"432\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/evolution-mode-gestion-interculture.png?resize=767%2C432&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u00c9volution du mode de gestion de l'interculture de 2001 \u00e0 2017 (en % de surfaces totales en grandes cultures)\" class=\"wp-image-2300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/evolution-mode-gestion-interculture.png?w=767&amp;ssl=1 767w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/evolution-mode-gestion-interculture.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><figcaption>\u00c9volution du mode de gestion de l&rsquo;interculture de 2001 \u00e0 2017 (en % de surfaces totales en grandes cultures)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces \u00e9volutions sont \u00e0 mettre en parall\u00e8le avec l\u2019\u00e9volution de la l\u00e9gislation avec notamment en 2012 l\u2019obligation de couverture hivernale des sols dans 100 % des zones vuln\u00e9rables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evolution r\u00e9glementaire dans la p\u00e9riode :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1<sup>\u00e8re<\/sup> Directive nitrate europ\u00e9enne 1191 transpos\u00e9e par un d\u00e9cret 1993 France : <strong>d\u00e9limitation zone vuln\u00e9rable et corrections des apports fertilisants<\/strong>.<\/li><li>2<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> programme d&rsquo;action (2000) renforc\u00e9 en 2003, et surtout la proc\u00e9dure contentieuse (Commission europ\u00e9enne contre \u00c9tat fran\u00e7ais en 2011) (pour l&rsquo;ouest en particulier) : <strong>impose des couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux da<\/strong>n<strong>s les bonnes pratiques agricoles sur interculture de Zone d&rsquo;Application Compl\u00e9mentaires<\/strong> (ZAC).<\/li><li>4<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> directive nitrate (2012) : la <strong>couverture hivernale des sols est obligatoire<\/strong> pour couvrir 100 %  des sols nus l&rsquo;hiver en zone vuln\u00e9rable, hors d\u00e9rogation.<\/li><li>5\u00e8me programme d&rsquo;actions (2014) : <ul><li>I<strong>nterculture longue <\/strong>(moins de 20 %  de repousses).<\/li><li>I<strong>nterculture courte<\/strong> (apr\u00e8s colza un mois de repousses minimum, apr\u00e8s culture r\u00e9colt\u00e9e avant le 15 juillet (un CIPAN) : destruction m\u00e9canique (d\u00e9rogation : TCS, l\u00e9gumes&#8230;).<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li>Verdissement de la PAC \u00e0 partir de 2015 : conditions d&rsquo;\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 des couverts au status de <strong>SIE : <\/strong><ul><li><strong>pas de repousses, <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>semis d&rsquo;un m\u00e9lange de deux esp\u00e8ces minimum, <\/strong><\/li><li><strong>destruction m\u00e9canique sans d\u00e9rogation.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des pratiques de gestion des couverts \u00e9galement en \u00e9volution<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La figure ci-dessous montre l\u2019\u00e9volution des esp\u00e8ces implant\u00e9es en couvert.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"277\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/evolution-des-especes-implantees-en-couvert.png?resize=277%2C203&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\u00c9volution des esp\u00e8ces implant\u00e9es en couvert.\" class=\"wp-image-2301\" \/><figcaption>\u00c9volution des esp\u00e8ces implant\u00e9es en couvert.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Si la moutarde repr\u00e9sente plus de 50% des surfaces en 2001 et ce jusqu\u2019en 2014, elle diminue fortement sur la fin de la p\u00e9riode \u00e9tudi\u00e9e. Elle est principalement remplac\u00e9e par des m\u00e9langes d\u2019esp\u00e8ces avec ou sans l\u00e9gumineuses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les p\u00e9riodes d\u2019implantation restent assez tardives et post\u00e9rieures au 15 ao\u00fbt (Figure de gauche ci-dessous). Les destructions (majoritairement m\u00e9caniques dans les enqu\u00eates 2017) sont variable. Mais pour pr\u00e8s de 50 % des surfaces promises \u00e0 une culture de printemps, les couverts sont d\u00e9truits au plus tard en d\u00e9cembre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"578\" height=\"271\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/periode-implabtation-et-destruction-cultures-intermediaires-selon-culture-suivante.png?resize=578%2C271&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"P\u00e9riode d'implatation et de destruction des cultures interm\u00e9diaires selons la culture suivante en 2017\" class=\"wp-image-2302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/periode-implabtation-et-destruction-cultures-intermediaires-selon-culture-suivante.png?w=578&amp;ssl=1 578w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/periode-implabtation-et-destruction-cultures-intermediaires-selon-culture-suivante.png?resize=300%2C141&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/><figcaption>P\u00e9riode d&rsquo;implatation et de destruction des cultures interm\u00e9diaires selons la culture suivante en 2017<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Trois types de couverts ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Type 1\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0Couvert r\u00e9glementaire CIPAN\u00a0\u00bb implant\u00e9 entre une c\u00e9r\u00e9ale et une culture de printemps et d\u00e9truite pr\u00e9coc\u00e9ment. En 2017, il repr\u00e9sente 37 % des surfaces.<\/li><li>Type 2 \u00ab\u00a0Couvert de l\u00e9gumineuses en pur ou m\u00e9lange\u00a0\u00bb implant\u00e9e plus pr\u00e9coc\u00e9ment, maintenue plus tardivement et avec une destruction chimique plus fr\u00e9quente. En 2017, il repr\u00e9sente 50 % des surfaces.<\/li><li>Type 3 \u00ab\u00a0Couvert de gramin\u00e9es ou autres esp\u00e8ces implant\u00e9 entre 2 ma\u00efs\u00a0\u00bb. En 2017, il repr\u00e9sente 13 % des surfaces<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Des disparit\u00e9s r\u00e9gionales<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Si la Bretagne a pr\u00e9coc\u00e9ment mis en place des couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux, ils se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s depuis dans le Centre, en Bourgogne, en Champagne Ardennes et Lorraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Quand on \u00e9value la part des diff\u00e9rents types de couverts (cultures interm\u00e9diaires, cultures d\u00e9rob\u00e9es, repousses et sol nu), on peut d\u00e9gager diff\u00e9rentes zones au profil assez marqu\u00e9. Ces diff\u00e9rences sont li\u00e9es aux syst\u00e8mes de production et \u00e0 un historique, li\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019extension des zones vuln\u00e9rables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"595\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/repartition-regionale-types-gestion-interculture-2017-en-France.png?resize=595%2C394&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"R\u00e9partition r\u00e9gionale des types de gestion de l'interculture en 2017 en France\" class=\"wp-image-2303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/repartition-regionale-types-gestion-interculture-2017-en-France.png?w=595&amp;ssl=1 595w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/01\/repartition-regionale-types-gestion-interculture-2017-en-France.png?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" \/><figcaption>R\u00e9partition r\u00e9gionale des types de gestion de l&rsquo;interculture en 2017 en France<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une zone Centre France o\u00f9 \u00ab&nbsp;sol nu&nbsp;\u00bb et \u00ab&nbsp;repousses&nbsp;\u00bb principalement de colza sont tr\u00e8s dominants. L\u2019assolement y est domin\u00e9 par les cultures d\u2019hiver induisant peu de surfaces en interculture longue avec obligation d\u2019implanter un couvert.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une zone Nord France o\u00f9 l\u2019on trouve beaucoup de cultures interm\u00e9diaires de type 1 et 2 et peu de repousses. Elle correspond \u00e0 la zone de production de la betterave sucri\u00e8re fr\u00e9quemment pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e par l\u2019implantation d\u2019une moutarde en culture interm\u00e9diaire.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une zone Ouest offrant une grande diversit\u00e9 de types de couverts. Cette zone se caract\u00e9rise par une part importante de ma\u00efs, mais aussi par une orientation \u00e9levage expliquant la pr\u00e9sence de d\u00e9rob\u00e9es.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Une zone Sud o\u00f9 les couverts, quand il y en a, sont des couverts de type 3 ou 2. Cet ensemble recouvre \u00e0 la fois des zones de c\u00f4teaux argileux avec des sols fr\u00e9quemment laiss\u00e9s nus et des zones de ma\u00efs culture.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Source\u00a0pour r\u00e9diger l&rsquo;\u00e9tat des lieux des pratiques li\u00e9es aux couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux en France<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/agronomie.asso.fr\/aes-12-1-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">BALLOT R. et al (2022)<\/a>, Evolution des surfaces de couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux en France\u00a0: \u00e9tat des lieux statistique. Revue AE&amp;S 12-1 gestion des adventices\u00a0: quelles opportunit\u00e9s et quels effets de couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos publications sur l&rsquo;<a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/gestion-des-sols\/ameliorer-ses-sols\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">am\u00e9liroration des sols sur notre site sur ce lien<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Etat des lieux des pratiques li\u00e9es aux couverts v\u00e9g\u00e9taux en France<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2304,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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