{"id":2985,"date":"2023-11-22T07:49:25","date_gmt":"2023-11-22T06:49:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=2985"},"modified":"2024-02-14T12:55:13","modified_gmt":"2024-02-14T11:55:13","slug":"microorganismes-plantes-et-pluie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/microorganismes-plantes-et-pluie\/","title":{"rendered":"Microorganismes, plantes et pluie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les microorganismes, d\u00e9clencheurs biologiques de la pluie<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">D\u00e9couvrez comment les microorganismes pr\u00e9sents sur les feuilles des plantes contribuent \u00e0 la formation de la pluie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right has-ast-global-color-0-color has-text-color has-small-font-size\">Date de publication : 22 novembre 2023<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Pendant longtemps, les microorganismes pr\u00e9sents dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9r\u00e9s qu\u2019en tant que particules inertes subissant les conditions hostiles de cet environnement. Cependant, de r\u00e9centes \u00e9tudes mettant en \u00e9vidence <strong>la pr\u00e9sence de microorganismes m\u00e9taboliquement actifs dans la phase aqueuse des nuages incitent \u00e0 s\u2019interroger sur le r\u00f4le que ces organismes pourraient avoir sur les processus physiques et chimiques des nuages et donc la pluie<\/strong>. En effet, la formation de gouttelettes de nuage ou de cristaux de glace \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 -36\u00a0\u00b0C n\u00e9cessite la pr\u00e9sence de particules dites \u00ab noyaux de condensation \u00bb ou \u00ab noyaux gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes \u00bb. Ces particules peuvent \u00eatre min\u00e9rales mais \u00e9galement biologiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>La v\u00e9g\u00e9tation influe sur l\u2019eau et le climat \u00e0 travers sept ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes\u00a0: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>recyclage de pr\u00e9cipitation, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>catalyseur de condensation et de pluie, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>transport d\u2019humidit\u00e9 atmosph\u00e9rique, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chauffage et refroidissement, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>interception de pluie et de brouillard, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>infiltration et recharge des eaux souterraines, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mod\u00e9ration des inondations. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify has-ast-global-color-5-color has-vivid-red-background-color has-text-color has-background\"><strong>La vapeur d\u2019eau pr\u00e9sente dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re au-dessus des continents vient essentiellement de l\u2019\u00e9vapotranspiration des plantes<\/strong>. Mais les plantes jouent un second r\u00f4le moins connu dans le cycle de l\u2019eau. En effet, elles h\u00e9bergent \u00e0 la surface de leurs feuilles des bact\u00e9ries ou champignons qui agissent comme des catalyseurs des processus physiques conduisant \u00e0 la pluie. Ces microorganismes sont principalement des pathog\u00e8nes des cultures comme Pseudomonas ou Puccinia (rouille). Pour autant, ce sont des catalyseurs bien plus puissants que les particules min\u00e9rales. <strong>Avec le changement climatique, se posera peut-\u00eatre demain la question d\u2019un compromis \u00e0 trouver entre protection des cultures et fonction de ces microorganismes comme catalyseur de pluie.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment se forme la pluie ? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>R\u00f4le des a\u00e9rosols dans la formation de la pluie<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">La circulation atmosph\u00e9rique \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle est le principal facteur \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la pluie. Les nuages sont constitu\u00e9s, non pas de vapeur d\u2019eau, mais d\u2019un ensemble de microgouttelettes d\u2019eau liquide et\/ou solide en suspension dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Ces gouttelettes sont toutefois trop l\u00e9g\u00e8res pour tomber sous forme de pluie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Les a\u00e9rosols jouent un r\u00f4le primordial dans la formation de la pluie.<\/strong> En effet, ils agissent comme des catalyseurs des processus physiques qui impliquent des changements de phase de l\u2019eau pr\u00e9sente dans les nuages. On d\u00e9nombre deux types d\u2019a\u00e9rosols impliqu\u00e9s\u00a0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les CCN ou \u00ab&nbsp;Cloud Condensation Nuclei&nbsp;\u00bb&nbsp;: ces particules permettent la formation des nuages et donc le passage du gaz au liquide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les INP \u00ab\u00a0Ice Nucleation active Particles\u00a0\u00bb ou noyaux gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes : ces particules catalysent la cong\u00e9lation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Cong\u00e9lation, l\u2019\u00e9tape indispensable pour avoir de la pluie<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>La cong\u00e9lation dans les nuages peut s\u2019effectuer selon deux processus.<\/strong> <strong>Le premier, appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0cong\u00e9lation homog\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>, correspond au gel spontan\u00e9 de l\u2019eau surfondue (<em>i.e.<\/em> eau liquide malgr\u00e9 une temp\u00e9rature inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 0\u00a0\u00b0C) et intervient \u00e0 partir de temp\u00e9ratures voisines de &#8211;\u00a036\u00a0\u00b0C. En effet, l\u2019eau pure ne g\u00e8le pas \u00e0 0\u00a0\u00b0C mais plut\u00f4t \u00e0 &#8211;\u00a040\u00a0\u00b0C. Or, la temp\u00e9rature des nuages avoisine les &#8211;\u00a05\u00a0\u00b0C. Pour que la cong\u00e9lation ait lieu \u00e0 cette temp\u00e9rature, il faut n\u00e9cessairement un catalyseur. Ce sont les INP. En effet, <strong>le second processus, appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0cong\u00e9lation h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong>, fait intervenir des particules solides qui d\u00e9clenchent le r\u00e9arrangement des mol\u00e9cules d\u2019eau surfondue et catalysent ainsi la formation de cristaux de glace. Ces derniers peuvent alors retourner \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat liquide ou se maintenir dans un \u00e9tat solide. Leur masse peut s\u2019accro\u00eetre \u00e0 mesure que le temps passe, jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 atteindre une masse critique \u00e0 partir de laquelle ces cristaux deviennent trop lourds pour rester en suspension.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Plantes, microorganismes et pluie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Le r\u00f4le des plantes dans le cycle de l\u2019eau<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La v\u00e9g\u00e9tation, notamment les for\u00eats, influe le cycle de l\u2019eau \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle locale, r\u00e9gionale et continentale par sept ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"604\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/influence-de-la-vegetation-sur-cycle-de-eau.png?resize=604%2C289&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2986\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/influence-de-la-vegetation-sur-cycle-de-eau.png?w=604&amp;ssl=1 604w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/influence-de-la-vegetation-sur-cycle-de-eau.png?resize=300%2C144&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces effets sont le fruit des interactions entre la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation et l\u2019air par \u00e9changes de masse (gaz, particules biologiques primaires, eau) et d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Les microorganismes gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes \u00e9mis par les plantes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Environ 10 \u00e0 40\u00a0% de la totalit\u00e9 des a\u00e9rosols pr\u00e9sents dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re appartiennent \u00e0 la classe des a\u00e9rosols biologiques.<\/strong> On trouve par exemple entre 10<sup>22<\/sup> et 10<sup>23<\/sup> de bact\u00e9ries dans la troposph\u00e8re (zone situ\u00e9e \u00e0 8 \u00e0 15\u00a0km d\u2019altitude). Il existe diff\u00e9rentes sources de microorganismes actifs en tant qu\u2019INP pouvant \u00eatre \u00e9mis dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re par la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation et le sol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"469\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/sources-microorganismes-glacogene.png?resize=469%2C225&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2988\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/sources-microorganismes-glacogene.png?w=469&amp;ssl=1 469w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/sources-microorganismes-glacogene.png?resize=300%2C144&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 469px) 100vw, 469px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Le principal facteur responsable de leur \u00e9mission depuis ces deux compartiments est la vitesse du vent<\/strong> qui permet de soulever directement les microorganismes ou les poussi\u00e8res sur lesquelles ils vivent. Ainsi, chaque ann\u00e9e, 7,6*10<sup>13<\/sup> \u00e0 3,5*10<sup>24<\/sup> bact\u00e9ries sont \u00e9mises par la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Les microorganismes gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes font partie de la microflore \u00e9piphyte naturelle des plantes saines, tout en restant toutefois minoritaires. <strong><em>Pseudomonas syringea<\/em> est le principale composant gla\u00e7og\u00e8ne de cette microflore.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Les bact\u00e9ries parmi les plus puissantes INP<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Les bact\u00e9ries ont un pouvoir gla\u00e7og\u00e8ne plus puissant que les INP min\u00e9rales ou inorganiques.<\/strong> En effet, elles permettent une cong\u00e9lation \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures plus faibles (entre &#8211;\u00a010\u00a0\u00b0C et 0\u00a0\u00b0C).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"989\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/gamme-temperatures-INP.png?resize=989%2C529&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Les bact\u00e9ries parmi les plus puissantes INP\" class=\"wp-image-2989\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/gamme-temperatures-INP.png?w=989&amp;ssl=1 989w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/gamme-temperatures-INP.png?resize=300%2C160&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/gamme-temperatures-INP.png?resize=768%2C411&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Par <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jchRO1iFHA4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">exemple<\/a>, \u00e0 &#8211;\u00a07\u00a0\u00b0C, il faut seulement 1\u00a0000 bact\u00e9ries <em>Pseudomonas<\/em> pour congeler de l\u2019eau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Avec le changement climatique, <strong>les nuages vont avoir plus souvent une temp\u00e9rature proche de 0\u00a0\u00b0C<\/strong>. Le type d\u2019INP pr\u00e9sent dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re deviendra donc primordial pour la formation de la pluie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Lien entre microorganismes gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes, <\/strong>agriculture <strong>et pluie<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Effet du changement d\u2019affectation des sols sur les pluies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile\" style=\"grid-template-columns:auto 43%\"><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong><strong>Dans le Sud Ouest de l\u2019Australie, 13\u00a0millions d\u2019hectares de terre ont \u00e9t\u00e9 convertis \u00e0 l\u2019agriculture.<\/strong> <\/strong>Ces terres ont ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9par\u00e9es des prairies indig\u00e8nes par une cl\u00f4ture de 750\u00a0km pour emp\u00eacher lapins et herbivores d\u2019y p\u00e9n\u00e9trer. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>Une \u00e9tude de l\u2019impact de ce changement d\u2019affectation des sols sur la couverture nuageuse et les pr\u00e9cipitations a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e<\/strong>. <\/strong>Elle a montr\u00e9 que la couverture nuageuse suivait la cl\u00f4ture. Cela entra\u00eenait une baisse des pr\u00e9cipitations \u00e0 l\u2019ouest de la barri\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<\/div><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/effet-affectation-sol-sur-pluie-australie.png?resize=567%2C400&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Effet du changement d\u2019affectation des sols sur les pluies\" class=\"wp-image-2991 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/effet-affectation-sol-sur-pluie-australie.png?w=567&amp;ssl=1 567w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/effet-affectation-sol-sur-pluie-australie.png?resize=300%2C212&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 567px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Des bact\u00e9ries gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes souvent pathog\u00e8nes pour les cultures<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Pseudomonas syringae<\/em> provoque le chancre bact\u00e9rien des arbres et <em>Puccinia triticania<\/em> la rouille du bl\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile\"><figure class=\"wp-block-media-text__media\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"606\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/etude-nb-bacteries-pour-produire-ml-de-pluie.png?resize=606%2C264&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Des bact\u00e9ries gla\u00e7og\u00e8nes souvent pathog\u00e8nes pour les cultures\" class=\"wp-image-2992 size-full\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/etude-nb-bacteries-pour-produire-ml-de-pluie.png?w=606&amp;ssl=1 606w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2023\/11\/etude-nb-bacteries-pour-produire-ml-de-pluie.png?resize=300%2C131&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 606px) 100vw, 606px\" \/><\/figure><div class=\"wp-block-media-text__content\">\n<p><strong>Pour 1\u00a0ml de pluie, il faut 1\u00a0INP. <\/strong>Le bl\u00e9 a besoin de 30 cm de pluie par saison soit 3*10<sup>9<\/sup> ml\/ha. Pour avoir une cellule active \u00e0 &#8211;\u00a08\u00b0C, il en faut 10 pour <em>Pseudomonas<\/em> et 10\u00a0000 pour <em>Puccinia<\/em> . Ainsi, pour faire 30 cm de pluie, il faut 3*10<sup>10<\/sup> bact\u00e9ries <em>Pseudomona<\/em>s et 3*10<sup>13<\/sup> pour <em>Puccinia<\/em>. Pour <em>Pseudomonas<\/em>, on a 10<sup>8<\/sup> bact\u00e9ries par feuille malade. Donc pour atteindre 3*10<sup>10<\/sup>, il faut la pr\u00e9sence de 300 feuilles malades par hectare sur 700\u00a0000\u00a0plantes\/ha ce qui reste acceptable. Par ailleurs, <strong><em>Pseudomonas<\/em> est \u00e9galement pr\u00e9sente sur les feuilles saines <\/strong>et dans ce cas, il faut 300\u00a0000\u00a0feuilles saines. Par contre, pour la rouille, cela n\u2019est pas acceptable car il faut que le champ soit compl\u00e8tement malade (3*10<sup>6<\/sup> feuilles malades par ha).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Ces travaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9s \u00e0 partir d\u2019observations de terrain coupl\u00e9es \u00e0 une mod\u00e9lisation. Il reste toutefois des inconnus comme le taux de flux des microorganismes ou encore la fraction des cellules pr\u00e9sentes sur les plantes qui atteignent la bonne hauteur. Pour autant, <strong>pour atteindre des niveaux \u00e9quivalents d\u2019INP \u00e0 &#8211;\u00a08\u00a0\u00b0C avec de la poussi\u00e8re inorganique, il faudrait plus de 100\u00a0\u00b5g\/m<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong>. Or, les recommandations de l\u2019OMS pour les particules est au maximum de quelques dizaines de g\/m<sup>3<\/sup>. <strong>Cela posera peut-\u00eatre demain la question d\u2019un arbitrage entre protection des cultures et conditions de formation de la pluie.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"2995\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:17px\">N&rsquo;h\u00e9sitez pas \u00e0 consulter nos autres <a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/changement-climatique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">articles sur le changement climatique<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources :<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/theses.hal.science\/tel-01136212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">JOLY Muriel<\/a>. Interactions microorganismes-nuage : activit\u00e9 glacog\u00e8ne et survie. Autre. Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal &#8211; Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. Francais. &lt;NNT : 2013CLF22424&gt;. &lt;tel01136212&gt; <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>MORRIS Cindy, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/LfulmpAGVZY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Les d\u00e9clencheurs biologiques de la pluie<\/a>. Vid\u00e9o youtube<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les microorganismes, d\u00e9clencheurs biologiques de la pluie<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3030,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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