{"id":3337,"date":"2024-03-13T11:44:04","date_gmt":"2024-03-13T10:44:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=3337"},"modified":"2024-03-13T17:11:05","modified_gmt":"2024-03-13T16:11:05","slug":"references-techniques-agronomiques-et-transition-agroecologique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/references-techniques-agronomiques-et-transition-agroecologique\/","title":{"rendered":"R\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques et transition agro\u00e9cologique"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3337\" class=\"elementor elementor-3337\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52ee5487 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52ee5487\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6b99613d\" data-id=\"6b99613d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f43b151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f43b151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Renouveler les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques pour accompagner la transition agro\u00e9cologique<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify has-ast-global-color-5-color has-ast-global-color-0-background-color has-text-color has-background has-medium-font-size\">D\u00e9couvrez comment le conseil agricole s&rsquo;appuie sur des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques qu&rsquo;il faut renouveler pour accompagner les transitions agricoles en particulier la transition agro\u00e9cologique.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-post-date__modified-date has-text-align-right wp-block-post-date has-text-color has-ast-global-color-0-color has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2024-03-13T17:11:05+01:00\"><a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/references-techniques-agronomiques-et-transition-agroecologique\/\">13 mars 2024<\/a><\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">La modernisation de l\u2019agriculture, et les multiples transitions qui en ont pris la suite, se sont accompagn\u00e9es d\u2019un consid\u00e9rable \u00e9largissement des sources d\u2019information \u00e0 partir desquelles l\u2019agriculteur fait ses choix et pr\u00e9pare ses interventions techniques. L\u2019\u00e9laboration des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques, l\u2019\u00e9tablissement et l\u2019actualisation des r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels et leur valorisation constituent depuis longtemps une activit\u00e9 majeure du syst\u00e8me de recherche-d\u00e9veloppement agronomique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Aujourd\u2019hui, la transition agro\u00e9cologique fait appara\u00eetre des enjeux qui d\u00e9passent de loin l\u2019actualisation et l\u2019extension des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques et r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels existants. Il faut ainsi les adapter \u00e0 de nouveaux contextes climatiques, \u00e9cologiques et socio-\u00e9conomiques. Le d\u00e9fi est \u00e0 la fois quantitatif et qualitatif avec l\u2019\u00e9laboration de nouveaux types de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences, portant sur des sujets et niveaux d\u2019organisation in\u00e9dits, et utilisables de fa\u00e7on beaucoup plus flexible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques \u00e0 la base du conseil agricole<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>D\u00e9finition des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Une r\u00e9f\u00e9rence technique agronomique (RTA) est une information qui permet de prendre une d\u00e9cision technique dans un contexte donn\u00e9, en choisissant une modalit\u00e9 op\u00e9rationnelle adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la situation et aux objectifs de l\u2019agriculteur (et plus largement du ou des acteurs concern\u00e9s), ou de formuler un diagnostic sur une action pass\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Le r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel est la base de donn\u00e9es qui r\u00e9sulte de la collecte et du regroupement de RTA relatives \u00e0 un ou plusieurs domaines techniques. L&rsquo;objectif est alors de les rendre accessibles \u00e0, et utilisables par, diff\u00e9rents types d\u2019acteurs, au premier rang desquels les agriculteurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Caract\u00e9ristiques des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Une RTA n\u2019est pas une donn\u00e9e naturellement pr\u00e9existante et qu\u2019il suffit de \u00ab collecter \u00bb ou \u00ab acqu\u00e9rir \u00bb. C\u2019est l\u2019expression de la relation \u00e9tablie entre trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>aux modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019action engag\u00e9e,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>au contexte dans lequel elle a lieu,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>aux performances escompt\u00e9es suite \u00e0 sa mise en \u0153uvre.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Cette relation tripartite repose elle m\u00eame sur une repr\u00e9sentation plus ou moins d\u00e9taill\u00e9e du fonctionnement de l\u2019agro\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me et de sa r\u00e9ponse aux actions techniques concern\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Les modalit\u00e9s d\u2019\u00e9laboration des r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels d\u00e9pendent du caract\u00e8re plus ou moins explicatif et formalis\u00e9 des mod\u00e8les de connaissance sous-jacents. La dimension et la complexit\u00e9 apparentes du r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel mis \u00e0 disposition des utilisateurs ne refl\u00e8tent pas l\u2019importance de l\u2019investissement requis. Des r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels en apparence simples et succincts peuvent r\u00e9sulter de combinaisons de d\u00e9marches tr\u00e8s sophistiqu\u00e9es, et d\u2019un effort consid\u00e9rable d\u2019acquisition de donn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exemples de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques actuellement utilis\u00e9es<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Des conseils de densit\u00e9 de semis pour le tournesol<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"615\" height=\"357\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/recommandations-densite-semis-tournesol.png?ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/recommandations-densite-semis-tournesol.png?w=615&amp;ssl=1 615w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/recommandations-densite-semis-tournesol.png?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Le tableau 1 pr\u00e9sente un r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel r\u00e9cent, particuli\u00e8rement concis.  En effet, il ne contient que huit r\u00e9f\u00e9rences \u00e9l\u00e9mentaires, qui sont les valeurs de densit\u00e9 de semis recommand\u00e9es en fonction de la situation o\u00f9 a lieu le semis en fonction :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>du degr\u00e9 de contrainte hydrique pr\u00e9visible (colonne 1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>de l\u2019objectif de densit\u00e9 de lev\u00e9e correspondant (colonne 2)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>des conditions de germination-lev\u00e9e plus ou moins favorables (colonnes 3 &amp; 4).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">D\u2019une apparence simple, ce tableau est en fait l\u2019expression d\u2019une relation complexe entre rendement et densit\u00e9 de semis, modul\u00e9e par les conditions d\u2019implantation de la culture ainsi que par l\u2019intensit\u00e9 et la dur\u00e9e du d\u00e9ficit hydrique subi au cours du cycle cultural. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenu \u00e0 l\u2019issue d\u2019une d\u00e9marche de grande ampleur. Elle a combin\u00e9 l\u2019analyse de donn\u00e9es r\u00e9elles issues de 38 exp\u00e9rimentations men\u00e9es par l\u2019institut technique Terres Inovia, et l\u2019analyse de donn\u00e9es virtuelles issues de simulations avec le mod\u00e8le de culture SUNFLO.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomique pour le chaulage en Bresse<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Dans cette r\u00e9gion caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par une pr\u00e9dominance de limons battants hydromorphes, la valorisation de l\u2019investissement tr\u00e8s co\u00fbteux que constitue le drainage est apparue variable selon le degr\u00e9 d\u2019acidification des sols. Ce constat a conduit la chambre d\u2019agriculture de Sa\u00f4ne et Loire \u00e0 entreprendre une d\u00e9marche de diagnostic sur les interactions entre chaulage, drainage et travail du sol. Cette d\u00e9marche a d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 sur un sch\u00e9ma de pr\u00e9conisation du chaulage qui met en \u0153uvre une grappe de r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels (figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/referentiel-chaulage-bresse.png?resize=1024%2C625&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3342\" width=\"1024\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/referentiel-chaulage-bresse.png?w=1494&amp;ssl=1 1494w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/referentiel-chaulage-bresse.png?resize=300%2C183&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/referentiel-chaulage-bresse.png?resize=1024%2C625&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/referentiel-chaulage-bresse.png?resize=768%2C469&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Renouveler les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques pour accompagner la transition agro\u00e9cologique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u2019absence de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques comme frein \u00e0 l\u2019extension d\u2019innovations<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">La transition d\u00e9bute par une phase initiale d\u2019exploration, ce qui veut dire en l\u2019absence de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences. Inversement, les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ne peuvent \u00e9merger qu\u2019\u00e0 partir d\u2019un certain degr\u00e9 de stabilisation des pratiques, autrement dit, \u00e0 la limite, \u00e0 partir du moment o\u00f9 la transition n\u2019a plus cours. En fait, d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but des transitions, \u00e9mergent des formes embryonnaires de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences, et d\u00e8s lors que certaines transitions sont engag\u00e9es \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle, le travail de r\u00e9f\u00e9rencement se met en route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">M\u00eame si les innovations de rupture se font en l\u2019absence, au moins partielle, de r\u00e9f\u00e9rences pr\u00e9alables puisqu\u2019elles correspondent \u00e0 des leviers techniques non ou peu utilis\u00e9s en situation conventionnelle, s\u2019il persiste, ce d\u00e9ficit peut \u00e0 terme compromettre la consolidation des innovations et ralentir leur extension. Par ailleurs, l\u2019adoption d\u2019une innovation non r\u00e9f\u00e9renc\u00e9e implique pour l\u2019agriculteur une prise de risque, qui peut \u00eatre dissuasive m\u00eame si l\u2019innovation est pertinente dans son cas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Un \u00e9largissement des enjeux \u00e0 assumer qui complexifie les besoins en r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Les transitions entra\u00eenent un consid\u00e9rable \u00e9largissement des enjeux \u00e0 assumer, et donc des th\u00e9matiques \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9rencer. De plus, elles entra\u00eenent une modification plus ou moins forte de chacun des trois \u00e9l\u00e9ments constitutifs de la RTA : contexte (notamment climatique, et plus globalement \u00e9cologique) dans lequel sont prises les d\u00e9cisions techniques ; crit\u00e8res et \u00e9chelles d\u2019\u00e9valuation des objectifs ou r\u00e9sultats ; modalit\u00e9s techniques \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">La transition agro\u00e9cologique, qui implique un moindre recours aux intrants industriels, a pour corollaire une mont\u00e9e en complexit\u00e9 des leviers et proc\u00e9dures de raisonnement technique, et par suite des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences et r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels associ\u00e9s. Un des aspects les plus notables de cette mont\u00e9e en complexit\u00e9 est le fait que les actions \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9rencer s\u2019appliquent \u00e0 des niveaux d\u2019organisation et\/ou \u00e0 des \u00e9chelles spatiales de plus en plus englobants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Cette complexit\u00e9 va de pair avec un degr\u00e9 de sophistication des r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels qui peut alors les rendre tr\u00e8s difficilement appr\u00e9hendables par les non-sp\u00e9cialistes. Cela va \u00e0 l\u2019encontre de l\u2019autonomisation des agriculteurs, en les rendant d\u00e9pendants d\u2019\u00ab accompagnateurs \u00bb seuls capables de \u00ab faire tourner \u00bb les mod\u00e8les et de les alimenter en r\u00e9f\u00e9rences ad\u00e9quates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Diff\u00e9rents niveaux pour renouveler les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">On peut sch\u00e9matiquement distinguer plusieurs cas de figure, correspondant \u00e0 des niveaux d\u2019investissement plus ou moins importants, et surtout \u00e0 des d\u00e9marches d\u2019\u00e9laboration diff\u00e9rentes&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Adaptation mod\u00e9r\u00e9e ou re-param\u00e9trage&nbsp;: la structure du r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel n\u2019a pas \u00e0 \u00eatre modifi\u00e9e mais il faut r\u00e9actualiser les valeurs fournies dans le r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00e9vision structurelle&nbsp;: un nouveau mod\u00e8le de connaissance est, \u00e0 terme plus ou moins proche, substituable \u00e0 l\u2019ancien. \u00c0 la suite de cette substitution, le r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel est \u00e0 reconstruire plus ou moins compl\u00e8tement, avec l\u00e0 encore un investissement n\u00e9cessaire qui peut \u00eatre important. Ce cas de figure pourrait correspondre \u00e0 la remise en cause du bilan pr\u00e9visionnel comme fondement prescriptif de la fertilisation azot\u00e9e des cultures, au profit d\u2019un suivi de la nutrition azot\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Invention d\u2019un r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel sur un sujet in\u00e9dit&nbsp;: ce pourrait \u00eatre le cas d\u2019une gestion de la fertilit\u00e9 biologique du sol reposant sur les r\u00e9centes avanc\u00e9es de l\u2019\u00e9cologie du sol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Renouvellement des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques&nbsp;: ex avec l\u2019agriculture r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Rappel sur l\u2019agriculture r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">L&rsquo;agriculture r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice (AR), n\u00e9e elle aussi aux Etats Unis, met tout particuli\u00e8rement en avant la protection du sol (sols toujours couverts par des plantes vivantes ou leurs r\u00e9sidus) pour \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9parer ou agrader la terre\u00a0\u00bb. L&rsquo;argument central porte sur la sant\u00e9 biologique des sols consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme menac\u00e9e et se voyant attribuer des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s parfois mythiques. Elle repose beaucoup sur les principes de l\u2019agriculture de conservation des sols (ACS), en mettant en avant la protection agro\u00e9cologique des cultures, la gestion int\u00e9gr\u00e9e des nutriments, ainsi que l&rsquo;agroforesterie, l&rsquo;utilisation de biochar, l&rsquo;association d&rsquo;esp\u00e8ces et l&rsquo;int\u00e9gration culture \u00e9levage. L\u2019AR met plus en avant que l\u2019ACS des promesses en termes de quantit\u00e9 de carbone s\u00e9questrable, d\u2019am\u00e9lioration des communs (eau et biodiversit\u00e9), voire en termes de densit\u00e9 nutritionnelle des produits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques centr\u00e9es sur la sant\u00e9 des sols<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">La sant\u00e9 d\u2019un sol est d\u00e9finie comme \u00ab sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 fonctionner comme un syst\u00e8me vivant clef pour soutenir la productivit\u00e9 biologique, promouvoir la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019environnement et maintenir la sant\u00e9 des plantes et des animaux \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">La variabilit\u00e9 dans les relations entre les diverses dimensions de la biodiversit\u00e9 et les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques recherch\u00e9s en AR, n\u2019autorise pas de recommandations normalis\u00e9es, mais simplement l\u2019\u00e9dition de principes. Ainsi, des syst\u00e8mes de culture ou des itin\u00e9raires techniques \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre vont d\u00e9pendre tr\u00e8s largement de l\u2019\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 des sols et des conditions climatiques locales. C\u2019est pourquoi, il importe de pouvoir situer l\u2019\u00e9tat de fertilit\u00e9 endog\u00e8ne des sols sur des trajectoires, et pour cela, de savoir comment maintenir ou le plus souvent restaurer cette fertilit\u00e9 suite \u00e0 une agriculture mini\u00e8re ayant conduit \u00e0 une perte de carbone et d\u2019activit\u00e9 biologique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>L\u2019indicateur VESS et le rapport MO\/argile comme r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques pour piloter la transition vers l\u2019agriculture r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">L\u2019\u00e9tat de sant\u00e9 des sols peut \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9 par divers indicateurs li\u00e9s \u00e0 leur activit\u00e9 biologique ou \u00e0 leurs caract\u00e9ristiques physico-chimiques, et aussi plus simplement par des indicateurs int\u00e9gratifs issus d\u2019une \u00e9valuation visuelle de leur structure notamment l\u2019indicateur VESS ou correspondant au ratio MO%\/argiles%, deux proxys qui fonctionnent bien pour les sols contenant de 10 \u00e0 40% d\u2019argiles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Indicateur VESS<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Le test VESS (Evaluation Visuelle de la qualit\u00e9 de la Structure du Sol) est une m\u00e9thode de test b\u00eache servant \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer la qualit\u00e9 des sols (SQ) en se basant sur les agr\u00e9gats et la porosit\u00e9 observables le plus longtemps possible apr\u00e8s tout travail du sol. En attribuant une note de 1 (SQ1 : friable) \u00e0 5 (SQ5 : tr\u00e8s compact), ce test permet de comparer la structure des sols de diff\u00e9rentes parcelles et exploitations. Un VESS SQ1, correspondant \u00e0 un ratio MO%\/argiles% sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 24&nbsp;%, caract\u00e9rise un sol r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, tr\u00e8s bien structur\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 biologique riche et diversifi\u00e9e, capable d\u2019assurer un grand nombre de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques. Ce ratio de 24% correspond \u00e0 un premier seuil dans une dynamique de d\u00e9gradation, et inversement \u00e0 un seuil \u00ab&nbsp;ultime&nbsp;\u00bb de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des sols gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 un gain de porosit\u00e9 biologique via un gain de MO. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">A l\u2019oppos\u00e9, un VESS SQ5 (ratio MO%\/argiles% inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 12% &#8211; fig. 4) caract\u00e9rise un sol tr\u00e8s compact suite \u00e0 un effondrement de la structure, et si\u00e8ge de tr\u00e8s peu de services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques. La valeur de 12% correspondant \u00e0 un seuil ultime dans une dynamique de d\u00e9gradation du fait d\u2019une perte continue de MO entrainant celle de la porosit\u00e9 biologique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ratio % mati\u00e8res organiques \/ % argile<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Le ratio MO%\/argiles% de 17&nbsp;% correspond \u00e0 un seuil critique interm\u00e9diaire, point d\u2019inflexion de la courbe (fig. 4). Au-del\u00e0, divers processus \u00e9cologiques se mettent progressivement en place (r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration), en-de\u00e7\u00e0, ils sont au contraire progressivement d\u00e9sactiv\u00e9s (d\u00e9gradation). Dans une dynamique de r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration des sols (progression de 17&nbsp;% vers 24&nbsp;%), les notes d\u00e9croissantes traduisent une restauration de la structure via un gain de MO, ce qui permet de remobiliser des services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques pour la production et l\u2019entretien de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me, et ainsi de limiter les besoins en intrants exog\u00e8nes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une fertilit\u00e9 endog\u00e8ne restaur\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Des trajectoires de restauration non lin\u00e9aires pilotable par les indicateurs<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"601\" height=\"349\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/trajectoire-AR-en-fonction-indicateurs.png?ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3345\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/trajectoire-AR-en-fonction-indicateurs.png?w=601&amp;ssl=1 601w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/03\/trajectoire-AR-en-fonction-indicateurs.png?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 601px) 100vw, 601px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 se positionner sur ces trajectoires devrait permettre de donner de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ricit\u00e9 aux r\u00e9sultats de recherche et aux recommandations techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"3349\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div>\n<p><script 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&& FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Si vous \u00eates int\u00e9ress\u00e9s par d&rsquo;autres publications sur la transition agro\u00e9cologique, n&rsquo;h\u00e9sitez pas \u00e0 consulter notre rubrique <a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/category\/agroecologie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Agro\u00e9cologie<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>BOIFFIN J. et al, 2023. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences et r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels techniques en agronomie&nbsp;: de quoi s\u2019agit-il, que faut-il faire&nbsp;? Revue AE&amp;S 13-2. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54800\/jbf589\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54800\/jbf589<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>HUSSON O. et al, 2023. R\u00e9f\u00e9rentiels et nouveaux indicateurs pour fonder une agriculture r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice. Revue AE&amp;S 13-2. <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54800\/ohj587\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54800\/ohj587<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Renouveler les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques pour accompagner la transition agro\u00e9cologique<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":3363,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[29],"tags":[63,74,95],"class_list":["post-3337","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agroecologie","tag-agroecologie","tag-agronomie","tag-references"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences techniques agronomiques et transition agro\u00e9cologique - L&#039;ARAD2<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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