{"id":910,"date":"2018-02-20T18:55:00","date_gmt":"2018-02-20T17:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/?p=910"},"modified":"2024-04-03T13:05:28","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T11:05:28","slug":"ecologie-chimique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/arad2\/ecologie-chimique\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecologie chimique"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecologie chimique : trois exemples dans la lutte contre les ravageurs<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019<strong>\u00e9cologie chimique<\/strong> rassemble les<strong> disciplines qui \u00e9tudient le r\u00f4le des mol\u00e9cules chimiques dans les interactions entre les \u00eatres vivants et avec leur environnement<\/strong>. En effet, une large diversit\u00e9 de mol\u00e9cules est impliqu\u00e9e dans :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la perception de l\u2019environnement, <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>la communication entre\u00a0individus,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>les m\u00e9canismes de d\u00e9fense mis en place dans le cas d\u2019interactions antagonistes. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Au-del\u00e0 des connaissances fondamentales que l\u2019\u00e9cologie chimique apporte, la ma\u00eetrise de ce langage\u00a0reste une piste prometteuse pour r\u00e9duire l\u2019impact des insectes ravageurs et donc l\u2019utilisation d\u2019insecticides de synth\u00e8se. <strong>Des recherches en cours se consacrent \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisation de ces mol\u00e9cules \u00e9mises par les plantes<\/strong>. Elles pourraient permettre de les utiliser en pi\u00e9geage massif ou de guider la s\u00e9lection g\u00e9n\u00e9tique vers des plantes \u00e9mettant pas ou peu d\u2019odeur attirante pour ces principaux ravageurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un champ de recherche apparu dans les ann\u00e9es 70. Il semble reprendre tout son sens dans le contexte actuel de r\u00e9duction de l\u2019usage des produits  phytosanitaires de synth\u00e8se. Il s&rsquo;agit alors de l\u2019\u00e9cologie chimique. Elle \u00e9tudie, par une a<strong>pproche pluridisciplinaire, les interactions entre les organismes entre eux et avec leur environnement, via des mol\u00e9cules complexes d\u2019une grande diversit\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les recherches en cours sur l&rsquo;\u00e9cologie chimique<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9cologie chimique peut permettre de d\u00e9couvrir de nouvelles mol\u00e9cules d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat. Elle peut permettre \u00e9galement de d\u00e9velopper de nouveaux outils pour prot\u00e9ger les cultures de certains parasites. En 2017, une journ\u00e9e compl\u00e8te lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 consacr\u00e9e dans l\u2019optique de disposer d\u2019une vision des projets de recherche en cours. De nombreux exemples ont \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un premier exemple concerne l\u2019utilisation du principe de confusion sexuelle pour g\u00e9rer les taupins du ma\u00efs. Le principe est de perturber les adultes en installant des pi\u00e8ges attractifs compos\u00e9s de ph\u00e9romones. Un projet, Taupin\u2019up, est actuellement en cours pour proposer des solutions utilisables par les agriculteurs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour la pyrale du ma\u00efs, l&rsquo;\u00e9tude se concentre sur une autre approche. Il s\u2019agit dans ce cas d\u2019intervenir au moment de l\u2019\u00e9tape de reconnaissance des plantes h\u00f4tes par les insectes. En effet, la perception de compos\u00e9s organiques volatils \u00e9mis par la plante et reconnus par l\u2019adulte permet de contr\u00f4ler cette \u00e9tape. La piste \u00e9tudi\u00e9e consiste \u00e0 synth\u00e9tiser ces COV et \u00e0 les int\u00e9grer dans des pi\u00e8ges pour leurrer les pyrales femelles f\u00e9cond\u00e9es et donc limiter leur ponte dans les ma\u00efs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Enfin, un troisi\u00e8me exemple montre l\u2019utilisation des ph\u00e9romones comme outil de monitoring des vols de c\u00e9cidomyie orange du bl\u00e9. Cela permettra, par le suivi de pi\u00e8ges, de :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>mieux appr\u00e9hender le risque pour la culture du bl\u00e9\u00a0;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>optimiser la lutte chimique, actuellement d\u00e9licate et peu efficace.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"909\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || 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