{"id":1543,"date":"2021-04-29T14:28:29","date_gmt":"2021-04-29T12:28:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/latelier\/?p=1543"},"modified":"2022-10-24T16:12:53","modified_gmt":"2022-10-24T14:12:53","slug":"de-la-fourche-a-la-fourchette-avril-2021","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/latelier\/de-la-fourche-a-la-fourchette-avril-2021\/","title":{"rendered":"Fourche \u00e0 la Fourchette | Avril 2021"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">De la fourche \u00e0 la fouchette du mois d&rsquo;avril 2021 : surface en soja, surface en bio, viande artificielle, commerce en ligne, les terres agricoles en France<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p>L<strong>e Fourche \u00e0 la Fourchette d&rsquo;Avril 2021<\/strong> se compose&nbsp;de&nbsp;cinq articles :&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>En France, la surface en soja a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9e par 2,5 depuis 2014<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>L\u2019objectif de 15&nbsp;% des surfaces en bio en 2022 ne sera pas atteint<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Que pensent les Fran\u00e7ais de la viande artificielle&nbsp;?<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Vers un commerce en ligne durable&nbsp;?<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Depuis 1982, la France m\u00e9tropolitaine a perdu 65&nbsp;900 ha de terres agricoles par an<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"_3d-flip-book  fb3d-fullscreen-mode full-size\" data-id=\"1541\" data-mode=\"fullscreen\" data-title=\"false\" data-template=\"short-white-book-view\" data-lightbox=\"dark-shadow\" data-urlparam=\"fb3d-page\" data-page-n=\"0\" data-pdf=\"\" data-tax=\"null\" data-thumbnail=\"\" data-cols=\"3\" data-book-template=\"default\" data-trigger=\"\"><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\">window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA = window.FB3D_CLIENT_DATA || [];FB3D_CLIENT_DATA.push('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');window.FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render && FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE.render();<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">En France, la surface en soja a \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9e par 2,5 depuis 2014<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>13 000 agriculteurs fran\u00e7ais cultivent 186 000 hectares de soja<\/strong>. 490 000 tonnes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 produites en 2020, c\u2019est une hausse de 14 % par rapport \u00e0 2019. Et la fili\u00e8re pr\u00e9voit 250 000 hectares (soit 650 000 tonnes) de soja fran\u00e7ais en 2025. <strong>Depuis 2014, les surfaces cultiv\u00e9es ont \u00e9t\u00e9 multipli\u00e9es par 2,5<\/strong>. La <strong>production se trouve majoritairement dans le Sud-Ouest et l\u2019Est de la France<\/strong>. Mais elle se d\u00e9veloppe \u00e9galement dans l\u2019Ouest, notamment en Normandie, et dans le Nord.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pr\u00e8s d\u2018un quart du soja fran\u00e7ais est produit en agriculture biologique<\/strong>. La France est le deuxi\u00e8me producteur europ\u00e9en derri\u00e8re l\u2019Italie. Pr\u00e8s de <strong>20 % de la production fran\u00e7aise est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019alimentation humaine<\/strong> alors qu\u2019au niveau mondial. Seulement 2 % de la production de soja est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019homme. Il existe un \u00e9cart de comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 avec d\u2019autres pays, notamment le Br\u00e9sil, et les cours mondiaux du soja sont bas. Le <strong>march\u00e9 reste donc essentiellement fran\u00e7ais et europ\u00e9en<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u2019objectif de 15&nbsp;% des surfaces en bio en 2022 ne sera pas atteint<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en juin 2018, le <strong>programme \u00ab Ambition bio 2022 \u00bb<\/strong>, dot\u00e9 d\u20191,1 milliard d\u2019euros, avait pour <strong>objectif d\u2019atteindre 15 % de surface agricole fran\u00e7aise cultiv\u00e9e en bio \u00e0 l\u2019horizon 2022<\/strong>. L\u2019objectif ne sera pas atteint, m\u00eame si <strong>les surfaces cultiv\u00e9es en bio progressent<\/strong>. De 8,5 % en 2019, elles pourraient<br>repr\u00e9senter 12,5 % en 2022, d\u2019apr\u00e8s Julien Denormandie, ministre de l\u2019Agriculture et de l\u2019Alimentation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Que pensent les Fran\u00e7ais de la viande artificielle&nbsp;?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Une <strong>\u00e9tude sur les perceptions, avis et attitudes des consommateurs fran\u00e7ais sur la viande in vitro est parue dans Viandes et produits carn\u00e9s<\/strong>. Elle analyse les 4 533 r\u00e9ponses \u00e0 un sondage internet sur cette th\u00e9matique. <strong>40 \u00e0 50 % des sond\u00e9s estiment que l\u2019\u00e9levage fait face \u00e0 des probl\u00e8mes \u00e9thiques et environnementaux<\/strong>. Mais seulement 18 % \u00e0 26 % d&rsquo;entre eux consid\u00e8rent que la viande artificielle peut r\u00e9soudre ces difficult\u00e9s. <strong>Une majorit\u00e9 pense que la viande artificielle ne sera pas aussi saine et savoureuse que la viande conventionnelle<\/strong>. Les impacts n\u00e9gatifs potentiels de cette technologie sur les \u00e9levages traditionnels, l\u2019industrie de la viande ainsi que sur les territoires et la vie rurale figurent parmi les pr\u00e9occupations des sond\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans leur grande majorit\u00e9, ils ne sont pas pr\u00eats \u00e0 acheter la viande artificielle \u00e0 un prix plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 que celui de la viande conventionnelle. Les personnes ayant d\u00e9j\u00e0 entendu parler de la viande artificielle ne semblent pas l\u2019accepter davantage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u2019apr\u00e8s cette enqu\u00eate, <strong>le march\u00e9 de la viande artificielle repr\u00e9senterait au mieux un march\u00e9 de niche<\/strong> s\u2019adressant environ \u00e0 un cinqui\u00e8me des Fran\u00e7ais. <strong>Un autre cinqui\u00e8me des sond\u00e9s estime que la viande artificielle n\u2019a aucun avenir<\/strong>. Entre ces deux extr\u00eames, <strong>une part importante des sond\u00e9s est ind\u00e9cise<\/strong>. Il est donc important d\u2019\u00e9clairer objectivement les consommateurs sur cette nouvelle technologie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vers un commerce en ligne durable&nbsp;?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le <strong>e-commerce s\u2019est consid\u00e9rablement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 entre 2010 et 2020 : il a cr\u00fb en moyenne de 14 % par an contre 1,4 % pour le commerce en magasin sur la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode<\/strong>. Le commerce en ligne repr\u00e9sente aujourd\u2019hui 13 % du commerce de d\u00e9tail des biens. Ses clients appartiennent \u00e0 tous les territoires, \u00e0 toutes les classes sociales et \u00e0 toutes les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, avec toutefois une surrepr\u00e9sentation des moins de 50 ans et des familles d\u2019au moins deux enfants. Le <strong>commerce alimentaire est beaucoup moins concern\u00e9 que celui d&rsquo;autres secteurs<\/strong>. La vente en ligne repr\u00e9sente 4,4 % des transactions en 2019, avec cependant un doublement en 5 ans. C\u2019est ce qu\u2019indique un rapport du Conseil g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l&rsquo;environnement et du d\u00e9veloppement durable, de France Strat\u00e9gie et de l&rsquo;Inspection g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des finances. Ils y analysent ses cons\u00e9quences environnementales et sociales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>S\u2019agissant de l\u2019artificialisation des sols, l\u2019augmentation du nombre d\u2019entrep\u00f4ts li\u00e9e au commerce en ligne contribuerait \u00e0 hauteur de moins de 1 % de la consommation annuelle d\u2019espaces naturels, agricoles et forestiers<\/strong>. Mais cela peut avoir un impact local significatif, notamment lorsque des entrep\u00f4ts de tr\u00e8s grande taille sont construits. Les auteurs font plusieurs propositions pour am\u00e9liorer la durabilit\u00e9 du commerce en ligne, parmi lesquelles une meilleure prise en compte de la logistique dans l\u2019am\u00e9nagement territorial, l\u2019<strong>encouragement \u00e0 la num\u00e9risation des acteurs \u00e9conomiques fran\u00e7ais (commer\u00e7ants, industriels, artisans, agriculteurs) ou la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un label \u00ab commerce en ligne durable \u00bb<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Depuis 1982, la France m\u00e9tropolitaine a perdu 65&nbsp;900 ha de terres agricoles par an<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La <strong>r\u00e9duction de l&rsquo;artificialisation des sols constitue l\u2019un des chapitres du projet de loi \u00ab Climat et R\u00e9silience \u00bb<\/strong>, actuellement en cours d\u2019examen \u00e0 l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e nationale puis au S\u00e9nat. Celui-ci <strong>pr\u00e9voit de diviser par deux sur les dix prochaines ann\u00e9es l&rsquo;artificialisation des sols par rapport \u00e0 la pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente d\u00e9cennie, et de viser un objectif de z\u00e9ro artificialisation nette en 2050<\/strong>. Une r\u00e9cente \u00e9tude Agreste permet de mesurer l\u2019ampleur de l\u2019artificialisation des sols. Depuis 1982, en France m\u00e9tropolitaine, elle augmente en moyenne chaque ann\u00e9e de 57 600 ha. Les sols naturels progressent de 8 300 ha ; au d\u00e9triment des terres agricoles qui perdent 65 900 ha. \u00c0 noter que <strong>depuis 2012, le rythme de l&rsquo;artificialisation des sols se stabilise un peu en dessous de la tendance de long terme<\/strong> (+ 56 200 ha par an).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Entre 2007 et 2017, l\u2019artificialisation des sols a \u00e9t\u00e9 trois fois plus rapide que la hausse de la population<\/strong>. Cette tendance s\u2019explique en premier lieu par l\u2019<strong>essor de l\u2019habitat individuel, puis par l\u2019extension du r\u00e9seau routier<\/strong>. La superficie des espaces naturels est conserv\u00e9e gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la progression de la for\u00eat. La France m\u00e9tropolitaine perd en moyenne 0,2 % de ses terres agricoles par an.  Les <strong>pertes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 particuli\u00e8rement lourdes entre 1991 et 1995<\/strong> (- 119 000 ha par an, en lien pour partie avec la r\u00e9forme de la PAC de 1992), <strong>et entre 2006 et 2009<\/strong> (- 85 000 ha par an). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Depuis 2012, la d\u00e9prise est de 52 000 ha par an. <strong>Aucun d\u00e9partement ou presque n\u2019\u00e9chappe au recul des terres agricoles<\/strong>. L\u2019extension des cultures annuelles ne compense pas le recul des autres surfaces agricoles. Il est possible, sur le portail internet de l\u2019Institut national de l\u2019information g\u00e9ographique et foresti\u00e8re (IGN), de comparer en ligne, des cartes et photographies a\u00e9riennes anciennes et actuelles avec l\u2019outil Remonter le temps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour lire les autres publications de la fourche \u00e0 la fourchette avant et apr\u00e8s avril 2021 : <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Retrouvez toutes nos <a href=\"https:\/\/normandiemaine.cerfrance.fr\/latelier\/category\/de-la-fourche-a-la-fourchette\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">publications de la fourche \u00e0 la fourchette sur notre site internet<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sommaire : surface en soja, surface en bio, viande artificielle, commerce en ligne, les terres agricoles en 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